Aragalur Excursion
Source:
http://www.clicksalem.com/excursion.htmAragalur
Aragalur, 74-km from Salem has tow imposing temples; one is dedicated to Sri Kameswara and the other to Karivaradaperumal. There is a big Buddha statue at Thiyaganur village at the outskirts of Aragalur Village.
Kargil Donation
Source:
http://www.xpres-net.com/kargil/18tn.htmMandir Matric., Aragalur Rs.5000
Aragalur Rotary
Source:
http://www.attur.org/rotary/DETAILS OF INTERACT
INTERACT CLUBS HAVE BEEN FUNCTIONING IN THE FOLLOWING SCHOOLS.
BHARATHI MATRIC SCHOOL , ARAGALUR
Aragalur Tourism
Source:
http://www.india9.com/i9show/54006.htmTaramangalam is located in Salem District of Tamil Nadu and is around 33 km north-west of Salem.
Taramangalam is famous for the Shri Kailasanathar Temple. Attur, Aragalur, Sankagiri, Tiruchengodu, Poiman Karadu and Hogenakkal Waterfalls are some of the tourist attractions nearby. Yercaud is around 40 km north-east.
The nearest airport is at Tiruchirapalli. Nearest major railhead is Salem Junction Railway Station.
Aragalur Cell phone
Source:
http://www.attur.org/guide/m_phview.aspVEERAMANI P Sindhu Musicals
Aragalur 9443182175
THalaivasal Cell Coverage
Source:
http://coai.in/0tn.htmService Providers: Aircel Ltd.
Bharti Cellular Ltd.
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.
BPL Cellular Ltd.
GSM Coverage: Include Thalaivasal
Thalaivasal News
Source:
http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1802/18020130.htmVolume 18 - Issue 02, Jan. 20 - Feb. 02, 2001
India's National Magazine
from the publishers of THE HINDU
The prices of vegetables too have tumbled in the State. The price of tomatoes has come down to Rs.3 and Rs.4 a kg in the retail market from Rs.8 and Rs.10. A bumper harvest was recorded at Thalaivasal, Mecheri and other places near Salem.
Thalaivasal Church
Source:
http://www.salemdiocese.org/priests_p4.htmlArul Francis Xavier 25-04-02 Parish Priest
R.C. Church
Thalaivasal - 636 112
Salem Dt
Tel: 04282 230461
Thalaivasal Pest control
Source:
http://35.8.77.34/rpmnews/vol.13_no.1/globe/rpm_g_gouthaman_regupathy.htmMonitoring Techniques for Detecting Insecticide Resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)
S. Gouthaman and A. Regupathy
Department of Entomology
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Coimbatore-641 003. INDIA
ABSTRACT In the absence of susceptible strain of Helicoverpa armigera in India, indirect method was used to fix discriminating doses (DD) for other methods of bioassay viz., vial, bouquet, spray tower and larval dip for commonly used insecticides viz., endosulfan, quinalphos, chlorpyriphos, fenvalerate and cypermethrin. The DD for other methods were extrapolated by multiplying the DD available for susceptible cultures of NRI, UK and Australia by topical application with the factor of ratio of LD99 of topical and other methods. Validation of extrapolated DDs was done by testing on different H. armigera populations. The extrapolated DDs inflicted mortality with standard error (SE) varying from 3.9 to 7.1 when batches of 50 insects were used. The variation could be reduced with more number of insects per test.
KEY WORDS: Discriminating dose, insecticide resistance, Helicoverpa armigera.
In India, resistance was first recorded in major cotton growing region of Andhra Pradesh in 1987 (McCaffery et al., 1989). Helicoverpa resistance to different chemicals is widely recognized and documented (Phokela et al., 1989; Pasupathy and Regupathy 1993; Arms et al., 1992, Regupathy et al., 2003). The effective resistance management depends on the successful monitoring programme. In most practical situations the best monitoring method is the use of discriminating doses i.e. the dose that kills 99% of susceptible individual (Roush and Miller, 1986).
In the monitoring programme the discriminating doses for fenvalerate, cypermethrin, quinalphos and endosulfan have been fixed using the susceptible cultures available in Australia for topical application method (Forrester and Cahill, 1987; Forrester et. al., 1993; Gunning et al., 1984). The high-tech nature of topical application prevents many field level workers and marginal farmers adopting this due to low literacy rate in India.
In the absence of susceptible lines for Helicoverpa in India, extrapolated discriminating doses for other bioassay methods are to be arrived. With this in view an attempt was made to extrapolate the discriminating doses for other methods from that of topical application.
MATERIALS and METHODS
Mass culturing of H. armigera
Various populations of H. armigera larvae were reared in a semi-synthetic diet as described by Sathiah, (1987).
Preparation of Insecticide Solutions
The insecticide solutions required for the discriminating dose assays were prepared from technical grade insecticides (of known purity) diluted with analytical grade acetone. The technicals used for different bioassay methods were, endosulfan (92%), chlorpyriphos (95%), quinalphos (71.5%), cypermethrin (94.8%) and fenvalerate (96.2) obtained from Thudialur Co-operative Agro. Service Pvt. Ltd., Coimbatore, Coramandal Indag Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, Syngenta India Ltd., Mumbai, National Organic Chemical Industries Ltd., Mumbai and Rallis India Ltd., Bangalore respectively.
For larval dip method the respective formulations viz., endosulfan (Thiodan 35 EC), quinalphos (Ekalux 25 EC), fenvalerate (Sumicidin 20 EC), cypermethrin (BILCYP 25 EC) and chlorpyriphos (Durmet 20 EC) were used.
Bioassay methods
In all the methods third instar larvae (30-40 mg) were used.
Topical assay
Serial dilutions of technical grade insecticides in analytical grade acetone were prepared and 1ul repeating dispenser (PB 600-01, Hamilton Co Ltd) fitted with 50 µl syringe and "Rheodyne needle" was used to deliver 1 µl drop to the thoracic dorsum of each larva.
Vial residue bioassay/Contact toxicity method
Glass scintillation vials of 20 ml capacity were evenly coated with 1 ml acetone solutions of technical grade insecticides (Plapp 1971). Larvae were released into the vials individually and covered with a muslin cloth.
Foliar residue bioassay Bouquet method/ Terminal bud bioassay
Chickpea shoots were taken and terminal branches were removed retaining only five compound leaves on each shoot. These shoots were surface sterilized in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed in sterile water and shade dried (Rose Victoria, 1991). These shoots were dipped in respective concentration of the chemical which was prepared with analytical grade acetone containing Triton-X 100 surfactant (0.25 g/lit) for about 30 sec. and the excess fluid was drained off. The petioles of the shoots with cotton swab were kept immersed in water in a penicillin vial and allowed for shade drying. Each penicillin vial having the treated shoots was kept separately in a large plastic (19x10 cm) container to which third instar larvae were released individually. The mouth of the container was covered with muslin cloth and the larvae were allowed to feed on the shoots. After allowing 24 h of feeding, the larvae were transferred to semi-synthetic diet. A control was maintained with chickpea shoots treated with acetone plus Triton-X 100 alone.
Spray (potter's) tower bioassay
One ml of various concentrations of the technicals prepared in acetone was sprayed at a pressure of 2 kg/cm2 with the help of a spray tower on to the H. armigera larvae in a Petri dish. Each time a batch of 10 larvae were anesthetized with the help of CO2 and sprayed. The Petri dishes containing the larvae were dried for 5 min and the treated larvae were transferred individually into vials containing semi-synthetic diet.
Larval dip bioassay
Aqueous dilutions of formulated (emulsion concentrates) insecticides were prepared and batches of third instar larvae were submerged for 5 sec. as described by Watkinson et al (1984). A group of 50 larvae were dropped into 100 ml of the appropriate dilution in 500 ml beaker and gently swirled for 5 sec. to ensure complete wetting. The solution plus larvae were then poured through a fine nylon mesh suspended over an empty beaker. The solution was decanted and larvae separated by this process. After shade drying for about 5 min. the treated larvae were then transferred individually into semi synthetic diet. Control insects were treated with water alone.
Bioassays were carried out at 26 ± 1° under approximately 12h: 12h LD Photo period. Mortality was recorded at 24h interval up to 6 days. The log dose/concentration probit mortality curve was fitted to extrapolate LC/LD99 after making Abbott's correction.
The tentative discriminating doses of endosulfan, quinalphos, cypermethrin, fenvalerate and chlorpyriphos for different methods were extrapolated considering the following discriminating doses calibrated for topical application.
Endosulfan: 10.0 µg/µl (Approximate LD99 for susceptible strains calibrated in Australia).
Cypermethrin: 1 µg/ml (LD99 for Delhi strain ) (Phokela et al., 1989).
Quinalphos: 0.75 µg/ml (LD99 for NRI Lab susceptible strain).
Fenvalerate: 0.2 µg/ml (LD99 for susceptible strain in Australia) (Forester and Cahill, 1987).
The above discriminating doses for topical application were multiplied by the factor of ratio of LD99 of topical and other methods.
Validation of different methods
Various field populations or a particular location at periodic intervals were dosed with the extrapolated discriminating doses and mortality was recorded. The extrapolated discriminating doses for different methods viz., topical contact, foliar, spray tower and larval dip tested with batches 50-100 larvae and the mortality was recorded at an interval of 24 h for 6 days.
Corrected control mortality was calculated using Abott's formula (Abott, 1925) and binomial standard error was calculated by using the formula
P (100 - P) /(n-1)
P = % of larva surviving in the discriminating dose
n = Number of larva tested
Linear correlation was worked out for the combination of different methods.
RESULTS and DISCUSSION
Lethal dose
The LD99 of the tested insecticides by topical application varied from 2.24 µg - 36.70 µg; (Tables 1,2, 3, 4, and 5) the lowest for chlorpyriphos and the highest value for endosulfan.
The LD99 values were higher than the discriminating doses of these compounds used for assessing the resistance nature indicating the high degree of resistance of H. armigera population evaluated for these compounds.
Lethal concentration
The LC99 for the above chemicals by vial method was 94.40 µg for endosulfan, 36.49 µg for fenvalerate, 32.13 µg cypermethrin, 17.90 µg for quinalphos and 4.50 µg for chlorpyriphos. In the case of bouquet method the LC99 varied between 59.35 and 2571.20 ppm. The LC99 obtained by larval dip method varied from 123.02-3706.50 ppm. The LC99 obtained by spray tower method varied from 363.08-14003.67 ppm (Tables 1,2, 3, 4, and 5). Irrespective of the methods the order of toxicity of the insecticides was same i.e. chlorpyriphos > quinalphos > cypermethrin > fenvalerate > endosulfan.
The lowest values were observed for chlorpyriphos and highest for endosulfan in all the bioassay methods. The steepness of log - dose - probit - mortality (ldpm) lines for the various insecticides by different methods was more or less same as indicated from the slope function. The slope function was 1.78-1.92 for fenvalerate (Table 2), 1.81-1.92 for cypermethrin (Table 3) and 1.57-1.77 for quinalphos (Table 4). In the case of chlorpyriphos, the slope function was very low (2.12) for the spray tower method whereas for other methods the `b' value was 2.71 for vial, 2.89 for larval dip, 3.04 for topical and 3.03 bouquet method. In the case of endosulfan the slope function ranged from 2.16-3.48, the highest for larval dip and lowest for the topical (2.16) whereas that of the contact and spray tower were 2.41 and 2.45 respectively. The LC99 value was always the least in the vial method followed by bouquet, larval dip and spray tower method for all insecticides indicating the less variation in the response of H. armigera for different methods of bioassay.
Tentative Discriminating Doses
Provisional discriminating doses that kill 99 per cent were derived by extrapolation. The LD99: LC99 ratios between topical and other methods were worked out by taking topical method as unity (Table 6).
The LD99: LC99 ratio between topical and vial methods was 2.06 for endosulfan, 1.27 for fenvalerate, 2.58 for cypermethrin, 1.47 for quinalphos and 2.01 for chlorpyriphos. The ratios of LD99: LC99 of topical: bouquet methods were 70.05, 39.33, 75.08, 21.38 and 26.59 for endosulfan, fenvalerate, cypermethrin, quinalphos and chlorpyriphos respectively. The ratios of LD99: LC99 of topical: larval dip was 100.99, 54.41, 120.78, 57.64 and 54.92 for endosulfan, fenvalerate, cypermethrin, quinalphos and chlorpyriphos respectively. The ratios between topical and spray tower method were 781.60, 116.22, 267.74, 113.15 and 162.09 for endosulfan, fenvalerate, cypermethrin, quinalphos and chlorpyriphos respectively.
The discriminating doses of 1.0 µg, 0.75 µg, 0.2 µg, and 10 µg for cypermethrin, quinalphos, fenvalerate and endosulfan used for topical application were multiplied by the respective above ratios.The tentative discriminating doses derived for endosulfan were 25 µg, 700 ppm, 1015 ppm and 3800 ppm, for fenvalerate 0.25, 8 ppm, 10 ppm, 23 ppm, for cypermethrin 2.6 µg, 75 ppm, 125 ppm, 270 ppm and for quinalphos 1.1 µg, 16 ppm, 45 ppm and 85 ppm for the vial, bouquet, larval dip and spray tower method respectively.
The tentative discriminating doses were used to assess the resistance nature of different Helicoverpa populations viz., laboratory cultured TNAU (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India) population and field collected populations from TNAU, Madurai, Chidambaram and Thalaivasal. In the case of chlorpyriphos LD/LC 99 values were used for comparing the different methods (Table 7).
Lab cultured TNAU population exhibited survival rate of 8-16% for endosulfan, 44-50% for cypermethrin, 76-84% for fenvalerate, 28-34% for quinalphos and 8-10% for chlorpyriphos. The survival rate of Madurai population for endosulfan was 10-16%, cypermethrin 30-36%, fenvalerate 68-72%, quinalphos 20-24% and chlorpyriphos 10-14%. The Chidambaram population showed the survival rate of 30-34% for endosulfan, 50-54% for cypermethrin, 76-80% for fenvalerate, 32-40% for quinalphos, and 16-20% for chlorpyriphos. The Thalaivasal population exhibited the survival rate of 18-24% for endosulfan, 28-34% for cypermethrin, 80-84% for fenvalerate and 18-22% for quinalphos. TNAU field collected population showed the survival rate of 8-16% for endosulfan, 44-48% for cypermethrin, 78-82% for fenvalerate, 30-36% for quinalphos, and 8-12% for chlorpyriphos.
Though the degree of resistance was found to be varying among the different populations and with the insecticides, the assessment made by different methods did not indicate much variation except in one or two cases.
The linear correlation co-efficients (r) were worked out to establish the relationship among different assay technique (Table 8). The variation in the survival rate as assessed by different assays was not much; the `r' values being 0.943-1.0 for endosulfan, 0.953-1.0 for cypermethrin, 0.883-0.989 for fenvalerate, 0.987-1.0 for quinalphos and 0.970-1.0 for chlorpyriphos.
Perfect relationship (r = 1) was obtained in cases topical vs. larval dip for endosulfan, topical vs. spray tower for cypermethrin, bouquet vs. spray tower for quinalphos, bouquet vs. larval dip, bouquet vs. spray tower and larval dip vs. spray tower for chlorpyriphos. The `r' values obtained for vial vs. bouquet for endosulfan and larval dip vs spray tower for fenvalerate were significant at p=0.05. The `r' values for all other combination were significant at p=0.01.
It indicated that any one of the above methods could be used for monitoring the resistance by field level functionaries. Among these the larval dip method was found to be easy-to-adopt. A ready to use field kit has been designed and is being tested by different institution.
REFERENCES
Abbott, W. S. 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol., 18: 265-267.
Armes, N. J., D. R. Jadhav and A. B. S. King. 1992. Pyrethroid resistance in the podborer, Helicoverpa armigera in southern India. pp 239-244. In: Proceedings of British Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases. British Society of Chemical Industry. Brighton, DC.
Forrester, N.W. and M. Cahill. 1987. Management of insecticide resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in Australia. pp 127-137 In: Combating resistance to Xenobiotics, biological and chemical approaches (Eds M. G. Forel, D. W. Holloman, B.P.S. Khambay and K. M. Sawicki). Ecllis Hordwood Publishers.
Forrester, N.W., M.Cahill, L.J.bird and K.J.Layland. 1993. Management of pyrethroid and endosulfan resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in Australia. Bull. Ent. Res. Suppl., No. 1.
Gunning, R.V., C.S.Easton, L.R.Greenup and V.E.Edge. 1984. Pyrethroid resistance in Heliothis armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in Australia. J. Econ. Entomol., 77 : 1283-1287.
McCaffery, A. R., A. B. S. King, A. J. Walker and H. El - Nayir. 1989. Resistance to synthetic pyrethroids in the boll worm, Heliothis armigera from Andhra Pradesh, India. Pesticide Res. J., 27: 65-76
Pasupathy, S. and A. Regupathy. 1993. Status of insecticide resistance in the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera in Tamil Nadu. Pesticide Res. J., 6: 117-120
Phokela, A., S. Dhingra and K. N. Mehrotra. 1989. Pyrethroid resistance in Heliothis armigera Hubner.I. Resistance to cypermethrin. Proc. Ant Acad. Sci. India, 59 (B) IV: 373-380.
Plapp, F. W. Jr. 1971. Insecticide resistance in Heliothis: Tolerance in larvae of H. virescens as Compared with H. zea to organophosphate insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol., 64(5): 999-1002
Regupathy, A., Keshav Kranthi, Joginder Singh, Arif Iqbal, Yidong wu, Derrek Russell. 2003. Patterns of Resistance levels in India, Pakistan and China. World Cotton Research Conference 3, 9-13, March, 2003, Cape Town, South Africa. Abst.. PS.30.9.
Rose Victoria. 1991. Biological control of podborers in chickpea Cicer arietinum L. and pigeonpea Cajanus cajan (L). Mill sp. M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003
Rousch, R.T. and G.L. Miller. 1986. Considerations for design of insecticide resistance monitoring programs. J. Econ. Entomol., 79: 293-298.
Sathiah, N. 1987. Studies on increasing the effectiveness of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus against podborer, Heliothis armigera (Hubner) on Chickpea. M.Sc(Ag.) Thesis., Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003
Watkinson, I.A., J. Wireman and J. Robinson. 1984. A sample test for field evaluation of the susceptibility on insect pests to pesticides. pp 559-564 In: Proceedings, British Crop Protection Conferences Pests and Diseases British Society of Chemical Industry. Brighton, UK.
Thalaivasal Cops - Police
Source:
http://www.salemtamil.com/a/salem/police.htmlதலைவாசல் - Thalaivasal Ph: 04282-230248
Thalaivasal News
Colour cottons back in demandL.N. Revathy
COIMBATORE, Jan. 21 - 2003
AFTER a lull, the demand for the naturally coloured cotton is on the rise again. This time around, the demand is not just from the eco-conscious consumers in the West, but from renowned textile houses in India as well.
Colour cotton cultivation practices had more or less been given up since no one bothered to exploit the technique or procure the cotton. Reports however indicate that this naturally coloured fibre was being imported from Sudan and Africa.
The growing interest for eco-friendly products worldwide, coupled with the ban imposed on azo dyes and other chemicals has kindled the hopes of the growers, who had taken to cultivation of the naturally-coloured cotton in a big way in the late 90s.
Coloured cotton was raised in Sulur, Avinashi and Pongalur belt in Coimbatore district and Thalaivasal near Athur in Salem district. The expansion was rapid. Within three years — between 1995 and 1998, the area surged to over 350 acres.
Then came the big blow. Although the growers were keen to raise the fibre, considering the assurance on the buy-back and the premium rates that was offered for the produce, the offtake slipped. Companies that earlier promised to procure the produce refused to accept the same citing some difference in the end-fibre level norms.
The scientific community was also sceptical about the colour cotton technology. Even now, doubts loom large on the consistency of the colour. Says Dr S. Ramarethinam, Executive Director (Projects), T. Stanes and Co, ``variations in colour are due to factoral variables. The white knots are bound to be there.''
It is now reliably learnt that there is a huge demand for the fibre, with the European countries preferring to use it in making carry bags, since it is a biodegradable material.
``It is not just on the export front. Leading textile houses in India have evinced keen interest in procuring the naturally coloured cotton,'' Dr Ramarethinam told Business Line.
Replying to a query on seed availability, he said, ``currently we have 9 tonnes of seeds. But within the next two years, we will be able to supply seeds for a few 1,000 hectares.''
Dr Ramarethinam saidthe Government, he said could offer some support/incentive to strengthen production of such specialised cotton that was in demand and quoting a premium in the international market.
Thalaivasal NGO
Source:
http://www.infomine.ae/indian_ngo.htmNGO:
TAMILNADU
Funded by State AIDS Cell
Southern Educational and Rural Development Society, Deviyakurichi Post, Thalaivasal-636 112, Salem District.
Thalaivasal industry
SOurce:
http://www.indianindustry.com/essentialoils/6514.htmlLakshmi Medicals
Suppliers of curry leaf Oil, aloe veragel, Lemon grass Oil and other essential Oils.
Location: 19/9, Main Road, Mummudi Vil , Thalaivasal, Tamil Nadu, India, 636 112
Source:
http://www.nambuyerseller.org/thai/queries/3_profile.asp?mfgcode=50122572&mfgpaid=nLakshmi Medicals
บริษัท: Lakshmi Medicals
ที่อยู่: Main road
Thalaivasal
Attur (Tk)
Salem (Dt)
เมือง: Thalaivasal
มลรัฐ/จังหวัด: Tamil Nadu
ประเทศ: India
รหัสไปรษณีย์: 636112
โทรศัพท์: 91-04282-230145
ชื่อบุคคลสำหรับติดต่อ: Manineelan P.
folks from Thalaivasal
Source:
http://www.ksrcas.edu/alumni/view_alumni.php8 161 GOPINATH.R 1999-00 BCA 1/40,PERUMAL NAIDU ST.
THALAIVASAL
ATTUR (TK)
SALEM(DT)
Phone : 04282-231653
e-mail : rgopinath83@yahoo.com
THalaivasal HAM(?)
Source:
http://www.dot.gov.in/wpcc/sacfa/sacfa52.htm6 P/FVC/MDS/47506/2003 13-05-2003 GOVINDRAJ LD,41/11 PATUTHURAI RD,THALAIVASAL,SALEM 11 35 22 N
78 45 02 E 70 168 7425 - 7725 MHZ .64 W
Thalaivasal tourism
Source:
http://www.intactindia.com/activities.htmlLocation of these tribal hamlets:
These villages are located on Kalvarayan hill stretches and one has to reach most of the villages only on foot. The base tribal hamlets, Elandavari or Muttal which are at the foot of the hill stretch can be reached by a vehicle from Thalaivasal or Attur, the nearest highway towns. From there other villages can be reached by foot. Elandavari is 15 kilometres from Thalaivasal at the northern side and 25 kilometres from Attur. Thalaivasal is 230 kilometres south-west of Chennai and 110 kilometres North of Tiruchirapalli.
Thalaivasal news
Source:
http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2002/fmar2002/f130320021.htmlFOOD PROCESSING
TIME RIPE FOR FOOD PROCESSING REVOLUTION
M.Jaya Singh*
India ranks first in milk production in the world. It also has the distinction of being the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables, besides having the largest livestock wealth. A country that once imported food articles now produces them in surplus, with the potential to serve as a granary to the world. Wheat and rice stocks have become a problem of plenty with farmers producing record harvests and godowns bargaining for a breathing space. In marine landings, India’s position is eighth in the world, though fishing is mostly being undertaken in the small scale and cottage sectors.
Paradoxically, there are many who cannot afford to taste an orange a month or an apple a quarter. Exorbitant prices at times hinder access to such valuable food items, but it is argued that it is not the major factor that comes in the way of such essential products. In fact, poverty ratio has come down to 26 per cent in 1999-2000, as revealed by the Economic Survey 2001-02. Leave alone poverty, availability is another interesting issue. Seasonal horticultural products like mangoes used to be aplenty during harvest period and therefore were sold at throw-away prices. As a result, farmers were poorly compensated. During off-season, mangoes are either not available or are heavily priced, thereby affecting the consumers. Even other agro products like onions face price fluctuation- oscillating from lower end to an inaccessible peak price.
This is a perplexing situation, and the remedy is possible only through processing of food using traditional methods such as dehydration and cold chain and other proven chemical and irradiation processes. This will help preserve food articles when their availability surpasses the immediate need, so that they can be released for consumption when the season subsides. Since processing preserves food articles from perishing, prices can also be controlled. This will enable even the poor to have access to them. It will be a win-win situation for both the farmers as well as the consumers.
Consumer preferences in the vast Indian market, that is charged with a massive battery of 250 million-strong middle class segment, is also perceived to be going through a sea change in favour of packaged food articles, a trend that is conducive for the growth of food processing industry. The urbanization process that occurs at an unprecedented pace is also set to help this industry. The sunrise sector of food processing is emerging as one of the promising industries with the potential of creating direct employment for millions of youth and give a further fillip to the national economy.
The size of the global processed food market as of now is estimated to be an astounding $69.4 billion, of which value-added food products garner the share of $22.2 billion. In view of the tremendous potential of Indian food processing industry, the Union Government has increased its allocation to the Ministry of Food Processing by 33.53 per cent to Rs 81.01 crore in the current budget.
Time is therefore now ripe enough for a Food Processing Revolution, after the Green Revolution achieved way back in the 1960s. Supply of raw material obviously would not be an impediment with such a big magnitude of agro-base.
Yet in a striking contrast to such nutrient features, food processing is yet to pick up from its dismal level of 2 per cent in the country. In fact, the magnitude of wastage of fruits and vegetables in India exceeds the total individual production of many of the advanced countries. Value addition does not give a good picture either. Only 7 per cent of the food items go through value addition processes, as compared to the level of 188 per cent in the UK. All these only underline the fact that the foodprocessing field is fertile enough for the entrepreneurs to cash in more.
For the processing level to grow to 10 per cent over a period of ten years, an estimated Rs 1,40,000 crore has to flow into the sector, which can be possible only with the help of the private industry’s active involvement coupled with foreign direct investment. In the Tenth Five Year Plan the industry is expected to grow by 7.3 per cent with the likely investment of Rs 63,000 crore. Investment since economic liberalisation in this sector is worked out to be Rs 53,868 crore. And it is growing ever since.
The Union Government has declared the food processing industry as a priority area. Barring very few exceptions, the whole sector is delicensed and is open for an automatic approval of hundred percent FDI. Above all, the Central Government has come out with a scheme called Food Park, where integrated facilities are available for the food industry. Permission for twenty different food parks in different parts of the country has already been issued.Export is one of the key areas identified for the rapid growth of the industry.
Tamil Nadu has acquired the distinction of implementing the first Food Park in the private sector at Virudhunagar near Madurai with a financial outlay of nearly Rs 12 crore with the Centre’s financial incentives. The State machinery is contemplating on establishing one more Food Park with an estimated project cost of Rs 20 crore either in Trichy or Kanchipuram. Moreover, agri-export zones have been planned for export of grapes in Theni, cashews in Tanjavur, Pudukkottai, Sivaganga and Cuddalore districts, onions in Coimbatore and Dindigul districts, bananas in Trichy and Tirunelveli districts, mangoes in Dharmapuri, Theni, Dindigul and Tirunelveli districts, cut flowers in Dharmapuri, medicinal plants in Thuthukudi and Tirunelveli and turmeric in Erode district. Cold storage facilities in Trichy, Dindigul, Udumalpet in Coimbatore, Virudhunagar, Vellore, Theni Chinnamanur, Thalaivasal in Salem and Tuticorin with the storage capacity of around 14000 metric tonnes have also been proposed. The agri export zones would comprise such facilities as information centres, common processing units, cold storage, common packaging units, quality control labs, clearing and forwarding agencies, refrigerated trucks, and liaison offices.
Tamil Nadu is endowed with diverse agro-climatic conditions varying from the latitude of 2 metres to 2249 metres above sea level. The rainfall over the State ranges from as low as 19 mm to 1897 mm, with temperature dilly-dallying from 8 degree to 40 degree celsius, providing conducive agro-climatic zones for producing a wide spectrum of horticultural crops suited for processing. Kanyakumari and Theni districts provide ground for off-season harvesting of mango and grapes. The varietal wealth of banana is very rich in the state.
India is witnessing the paradoxical problem of plenty of food articles now. It is emerging as a global food factory. In bridging the farm gate to the dinner plate, therefore, a more promising atmosphere for the processing industry has arisen now than ever before with a great potential for growth.
*Assistant Information Officer, PIB, Chennai
Thalaivasal Doctor
Source:
http://attur.org/ima/doctor.htmDr.M.S.S.Prabusanker M.B.B.S.,
Raja Veethi, Thalaivasal 230679
Dr.K.SELVAM M.B.B.S.,
THALAIVASAL 230327
Source:
http://www.udenrigsministeriet.dk/publikationer/Danida/English/Evaluations/HealthCareProjectTamilNaduVol2Annexes/1996-6-2.annexure2.aspPHC
Dr. Kanakaraj Thalaivasal
BEE: Mr. Subramanium P Thalaivasal
Computer: Ms. Shanthkumari Thalaivasal
Stamp vendors, Thalaivasal
Source:
http://www.tnreginet.net/igregn/stampvendor/zoneres.asp?zcode=5M.SASIREKHA
4/18 BAZZAR STREET ARRAGALOOR THALAIVASAL THALAIVASAL
6206/10/91 S.R.O(NEAR) THALAIVASAL
ALIBA BEGHAM
1/3, THALAIVASAL SALEM DISTRICT THALAIVASAL
6424/11/E1/97 1/3 THALAIVASAL SALEM DISTIRCT
P.PETTHUSAMY
2/12, SIVAN KOVIL STREET THALAIVASAL ATTUR TK SLM. THALAIVASAL
21573/C/85 2/12, SIVANKOVIL STREET THALAIVASAL ATTUR TK SLM.
J.ABDHUL MAZEETH
1/3 CUDALOOR MAIN ROAD THALAIVASAL THALAIVASAL
18825/A3/75 THALAIVASAL
K.SHANMUGAM
THALAIVASAL THALAIVASAL
6424/6/C1/1991 THALAIVASAL
S.K.JAMMUNA RANI
THALAIVASAL
4575/C/85/SLM
Education Thalaivasal
Bharathiyar Arts and Science College for Women
Salem, Cuddalore Main Road, Thalaivasal, Deviya Kurichi - 636 112
04282 – 630799
Thalaivasal bad roads
Road to Thalaivasal a nightmareThe Hindu: Tuesday, Nov 02, 2004
By Our Special Correspondent
ATTUR, NOV 1. For the villagers and school children of Navalakurichi, Veppanatham and Siruvachur in Thalaivasal union in Attur block, the day-to-day life is an ordeal. The bad condition of the road between Talaivasal and Pattuthurai via Veppanatham is a major cause of their nightmare.
These villages and hundreds of hamlets surrounding them are depending on agriculture. Hundreds of villagers are small landholders and have to depend on the Talaivasal-Pattuthurai road. The school-going children also undergo untold hardships. The bad condition of road has discouraged bus operators to venture on this bad road, which is full of huge craters and potholes.
But on many occasions the drivers often prefer not to take trips to the villages. If the villagers raise objections and question about the non-plying of buses, the operators would simply say that unless the road is freshly laid, they may not be in a position to operate their buses daily. The bus operators claim that their carriers suffer heavily on this bad road affecting the longevity of the vehicle. The fuel consumption also is high. It is not an uncommon sight to see the buses that develop technical snags getting stranded in the middle of the road.
Main road for farmers
In fact nearly 10,000 farmers, children and students, from the villages, says a farmer, depend on this stretch of road for their daily chores. Even for an emergency, one has to take this road to reach Talaivasal, the smaller town nearby. But unfortunately no taxi or autorickshaw would prefer to come. Hence the villagers have to use their two-wheelers to shift the patients to hospital.
But on most occasions the worst condition of the road would render the patient besieged with severe complications. Many of the tribals and people living in near-by hills also depend on this stretch for all purposes.
The villagers also claim that they have approached the Talaivasal MLA with the request of laying the road. But till today nothing worthwhile has happened, they say. Hence they urge the District administration to take up the road-laying work between Talaivasal and Pattuthurai via Veppanatham immediately to redress the grievances. They also submitted petitions to the Transport Minister and District Collector in this regard.
Thalaivasal Avian (Poultry education)
Source:
http://www.tanuvas.com/adl_thalavasal.htmAVIAN DISEASE LABORATORY, THALAIVASAL – 636 112
Thalaivasal area of Attur Taluk, Salem District of Tamil Nadu is one of the major egg production centers of Tamil Nadu. During the last 5 years period, the commercial hybrid layer population increased from one lakh to 15 lakhs layers in this area. By considering the requirement of poultry farmers, Tamil Nadu Veterinary Animal Sciences University, Chennai established this centre from 12.07.2002 at Thalaivasal.
OBJECTIVES
a. Investigation and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases.
b. Monitoring of immune status against major diseases of poultry.
c. Suggesting measures to prevent and control poultry diseases.
d. Educating farmers in modern poultry production, management and disease control and
e. Conducting research on field oriented problems and disseminating research findings to the poultry farmers.
SERVICES
* Disease investigation through poultry farm visits, clinical examination of sick birds, post mortem examination of dead carcass and confirmation by laboratory tests.
* Forecasting of poultry diseases
* Field oriented research - Assessment of production status of commercial layers in relation to microbial quality of water and immune status against Ranikhet disease
* Laboratory analysis
a. Cultural and Antibiotic sensitivity of Milk samples
b. Blood parasite examination
c. Water quality analysis
* Training
a. Six weeks “Certificate Course on Poultry Management” is conducted twice a year (during February – March and July - August) for the benefit of unemployed youths, school dropouts, rural women, existing poultry farm workers, entrepreneurs etc.
b. Organising need based off campus / on campus training on various aspects of animal husbandry activities to the needy persons.
Further details of the training for the aspirants
Title of the course “CERTIFICATE COURSE ON POULTRY MANAGEMENT”
Period 20.07.2005 to 30.08.2005 ( 6 weeks)
Place of training Avian Disease Laboratory, Thalaivasal – 636 112
Medium of Instruction Tamil
Method of training Class room teaching and hands on practical training
Minimum qualification 10th standard / existing poultry farmers
Course fee Rs. 1,000 /= (Rupees One Thousand Only)
Trainees intake 15
ACHIEVEMENTS
a. Improved production status of commercial layers in and around Thalaivasal by periodical monitoring of immune status against poultry diseases, microbial quality of water and suggesting disease control measures.
b. Reduced production cost of table egg in Thalaivasal area by formulating the least cost ration and extending the latest need based technical know-how to the poultry farming community
c. Trained farming community on advanced managemental practices on poultry and other livestock farming
d. Services also extended to the other livestock farming community by screening for blood parasites, Cultural and Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests for Bovine Mastitis etc.
FACULTY PROFILE
Name Designation Specialization
Dr. K.Mani, Ph.D., Associate Professor and Head Poultry Science
Dr. N.Rani, M.V.Sc., Assistant Professor Veterinary Parasitology
FOR FURTHER DETAILS, CONTACT:
Associate Professor and Head,
Avian Disease Laboratory,
Pattuthurai Road,
Thalaivasal – 636 112.
Attur Taluk, Salem District
Phone No. (04282 ) 231 645.
Attur Fort
Source:
http://www.attur.org/town/fort.htm It is probable that Gatti Mudaliyar of Kaveripuram, from whom Omalur was taken by Dud Deo Raj of Mysore, was identical with the Gatti Mudali mentioned elsewhere as having built the fort of Attur.
Except for the tradition of the Kalrayan Malaiyali's and the Gatti Mudaliyar legend of Attur Fort, historic interest in the taluk, Which seems to have been but remotely affected by the ebb and flow of South India Politics.
The name 'Attur' means the 'Village by the river'. It dates from 921 A.D and was known as Milattu Attur, Kutratthu Brahmadheyam Malayaman Attur and Malaiyaman Attur. It came to known as Attur Ananthagiri (Attur of many hills) during the beginning of the Mysore rule in 1689 A.D. in 1760 A.D., it became one of the seventeen divisions of the Baramahal. When ceded to the company in 1792 A.D., it became one of the nine taluks of the Southern Division of the 'Baramahal and Salem'. In 1796 A.D., the name was again changed to Attur.
The Attur Fort was built by Gatti Muthaliar, a local Chieftain. It is probable that Gatti Muthaliar built it between the years 1559 A.D. and 1585 A.D. According to a traditional story, Gutti Muthaliar was out hunting, and seeing a hare start from a bush, when to examine the spot, where he found the neck of an iron pot protruding. He dug out seven pots full of gold pieces, with which he built the fort.
The pot is mad of sheet iron 1/16 of an inch and having a convex surface of 15.5 square feet. It is made in two pieces, joined together by iron fish-plates riveted to the upper and lower halves and weighs 383/4 lbs. Its capacity is 53/4 cubic feet and when full it would contain about 1,430,784 pagoda pieces, equal to Rs 50,07,444. The seven pots would, therefore, supposing the story to be true, have contained the equivalent in gold of 3,505,420 pounds.
The area of the fort is 62 acres of which 18 acres under cultivation.
The fort is of square one and its circumference is about one mile. The highest point is the flag staff battery in the centre of the south face. The south side is guarded by the river, which when in flood runs some 20 feet deep, and the other faces are Protected by a ditch, which at the south-west angle is always full of water. The outer wall of the ditch is roughly and the river bank strongly, revetted.
The rampart are of cut stone, well fitted without mortar. Inside are three large and one small bomb-proof chamber, the roofs of the larger magazines being accessible by hidden stairs.
A large vaulted chamber, occasionally used as a Roman Catholic Chapel, is said to have been the Kacheri of Gatti Muthaliar, and a large building with inner court constructed in the Mauresque Style, is supposed to have been his harem and dwelling place; Behind this a quantity of stone shot weighing one maund each was found.
On the South face of the ramparts is Gatti Muthaliar's pleasure-house, a roof on pillars with obtuse pointed arches. Near this is a Watergate cunningly built and strongly defended, leading to the river, and on the west face is another leading into the ditch. On the south-west angle is another flag-staff battery. The fort gate is in the centre of the east face.
The town of Attur lies principally to the south and east of the fort.
The fort contains the temples of Shiva and vishnu and a Shrine of Muniyappan, the Guardians of the fort.
The only portion of Salem which can certainly be named as having been annexed during the reign of Dud Deo Raj was Omalur, captured in 1667 A.D. from Gatti Mudaliar of Kaveripuram.
In 1689 A.D. Attur came into the possession of Chikka Deva Raja of Mysore, by the treaty concluded by 'Lingurajayah with the Aurachu'. It formed part of Hyders dominions till 1768 A.D. when it surrendered to Col.Wood. Hyder presumably regained it, when he wiped out Wood's conquest the same year.
After the restoration of peace in 1792 A.D., Attur was garrisoned by the 23rd Madras Battalion under the command of Captain Campbell. Under Lord Clive's Scheme of 1799 A.D., it was made an ordinance station and was occupied by a detachment till about 1824 A.D., when it ceased to be a military station.
Gatti Mudhali Dynasty came to an end and in 1688 A.D. when Chikka Dheva Raja of Mysore killed the last of the dynasty. In this war, a Kadai Clan Vellala Chieftain named, Varanavasi, allied with the Mysore forces.
Source:
http://www.attur.org/town/mudhali.html Gatti Mudhali Dynasty 11th - 17th C: A renowned dynasty of local rulers of Taramangalam. The title, gatti meant 'solidity' and' firmness' and 'mudhali', 'primary'. They were known for their firmness in word, Veracity, and reliability. Their insignia - a combination containing representations of green mat, unwitting garland of flowers and tiger - is seen in all of the temples built and renovated by them.
some authorities believe that the descendants of Gatti are the Kongu Vellala Class of Athiyar, Kanavalar, Marhavar, Narmudiyar, Vadakaraiyar.
The earliest mention of Gatti is found in the Sangam Literature of Agananooru (first century) in a list of tribes, Konganar, Kalingar, Karunadar, gangar and Gattiyar.
A nadukal of the seventh century mentions Kunra Gatti. A stone inscription of 1289 A.D by a Madhurai King, Sadaiyavarman Sundhara Pandiyan, mentions nine Gatti Mudhali's of Tharamangalam.
According to a manuscript in the Mackenzie collection, the founder of the then Gatti dynasty was a valet in the Service of Thirumalai Nayakan the ruler of Madhurai Kingdom. Having Committed some indiscretion, he left royal service, came to Amarakundhi where he was trained as a barber-medicine man. When he cured the carbuncle on the back of the local vettuva Chief, Kunni Vettuvan, he was rewarded with a palayam. The Mackenzie manuscript mentions thirteen Gatti Mudhali's but lists only the following six in order of succession. Siyazhi, Ragunatha, Immudi, Punkkan, Vanangamudi and Kumara. Francis Buchaman also mentions, 'Guttimodalies'. Their rule extended east-west from Thalaivaasal to Dharapuram and north-south from Omalur to Karur.
Their Chief Capital was Tarmangalam while Amarakundhi served as a second capital. The town of Kaveripuram was another centre of strategic importance of the Border of Mysore.
After the fall of the Vijayanagar empire, the Gatti became the Palayakarar of Omalur are under Thriumalai Nayakan of Madhurai in 1623 A.D.
Gutti Mudhali, Valve (2nd c): 'Gatti of the Strong spear' mentioned in the Sangam literature. He is believed to be the ancestor of the dynasty. He, with six other chieftains, fought a Chera King, Perumboot Chennai and loot.
Gutti Mudhali, Haman (16thC): He built the Hamisvaram Udaiya Nayanar Temple in Tharamangalam.
Gatti Mudhali, Vanna Immudi Hama Nayana (16thC): He made an endowment in 1564 A.D for the un keep of the temples of Kailasanathar and Hamisvaram Udaiya Nayanar in Taramangalam.
Gatti Mudhali, Vanangamudi (17thC): 'Gatti of Unbending head' a pious Gatti who built a Pillaiyar temple and a matam in Chidhabaram. He granted the village of Ilavampatti to the Kailasanathar Kovil in Tharamangalam.
After the departure of the Vijayanagar army, a number of petty chieftain's began to raise in the Kongu Country. Some of them had the title of Mudaliar. Inscriptional records mention some of the achievements and donations of Mudaliar Chieftain's of the Taramangalam region. Apart from the Mudaliars, there were a number of other poligars of large and small palayams. Besides there was a poligar at Salem, who tried to establish his power in the very heart of the District.
The whole region was torn by dissension's among the poligars. Their mutual rivalry contributed to the insecurity of the region.
The Nayakship of Maduri lasted from 1530 A.D to 1736 A.D. During all this period the Kongu Country passed through great vicissitudes.
Visuvanatha Nayak introduced a great feudal system of administation. The Madura Kingdom of which Kongu formed part was divided into 72 palayams and it required the holders of palyam to offer military help to the ruler, palayakars such as the Gatti Mudaliyars of Omalur, Taramangalam and others. Bigger palayakars exercised control over the smaller palayakars.
The kingdom was protected from invasion by a number of forts, well-built and well-garrisoned at strategic places like Sendamangalam, salem, Melur, Attur, Satyamangalam, Erode, Karur, Namakkal, Coimbatore, Dharapuram and Dindigul.
Gatti Mudhaliyars are the most important group of Chieftain's of Kongu during the Nayak period. The Salem district, which constituted, the most dangerously exposed province of the Nayak Kingdom was the seat of their power. The centre of their power, however, seems to have been Taramangalam, where they built a costly temple. In Salem district, they held the important strategic fort of Omalur and Attur.. These forts guarded against invasion from Mysore.
Thurstan derives the origin of 'Mudaliars' from the root 'muthal' literally meaning 'the first', the first in Society. It may also refer to money or capital in business.
An inscription from the Taramangalam records that during the reign of Sadasiva (1542-1552 A.D) a village was given as a gift to the temple of 'Ramakudal' by one of the Mudaliyars of the place. This was apparently the period of the growth of the Mudaliyars of Taramangalam. First heard of as early as the region of Tatavarmen Sundara Pandya II, they now come to fill a large and important place in the history of Kongu. From this time onwards the names of these Mudaliars occur every frequently in inscriptional records of Amarakundi, Sankaridurg. Triuchengodu, Micheri, Idangasalai and Pallampatti places in and around the Taramangalam region. On inscription from Yelacampatti records a grant by a mudaliar, while another from Taramangalam mentions several mudaliyars each one making the grant of a village temple. These records dated in the region of the same Sadasivaraya, whose period of active rulership was between the years 1542 A.D and 1552 A.D., indicate clearly that the rise of this Mudaliyar power was quickly and connected in some way with the ruler Sadasiva himself.
The progress was so quick that by the time this sovereign closed his reign the very term, 'Mudaliyar' in the Kongu region came to refer only to these grandees of worth and power.
In Sangam poems, however, there is reference to the 'Gattiyar' as a fighting race.
