Aragalur

few notes from Aragalur elders

Mr Aragalur CV (9/24/2006):
Ashoka the great could have passed through this region. Justifications:
We got a town by name Ayodhyapatnam near Salem.
There are lots of Budha status in Thiyaganoor.
There is a Budha temple in Thyaganoor village.
The rulers of Aragalur in 2th century is named 'Magadhai' Mandalam. Remeber Ashoka belonged to Maghadha dynasty

Retd Teacher (12/2004):
There must have been a big battle. Nathakarai - might be a twist to 'ratha' karai (Blood bund). We got Mani Vizhundhan - where the king might have dropped his 'chain' or neck lace.

0 comments

few notes from Aragalur elders

Mr Aragalur CV (9/24/2006):
Ashoka the great could have passed through this region. Justifications:
We got a town by name Ayodhyapatnam near Salem.
There are lots of Budha status in Thiyaganoor.
There is a Budha temple in Thyaganoor village.
The rulers of Aragalur in 2th century is named 'Magadhai' Mandalam. Remeber Ashoka belonged to Maghadha dynasty

Retd Teacher (12/2004):
There must have been a big battle. Nathakarai - might be a twist to 'ratha' karai (Blood bund). We got Mani Vizhundhan - where the king might have dropped his 'chain' or neck lace.

0 comments

few notes from Aragalur elders

Mr Aragalur CV (9/24/2006):
Ashoka the great could have passed through this region. Justifications:
We got a town by name Ayodhyapatnam near Salem.
There are lots of Budha status in Thiyaganoor.
There is a Budha temple in Thyaganoor village.
The rulers of Aragalur in 2th century is named 'Magadhai' Mandalam. Remeber Ashoka belonged to Maghadha dynasty

Retd Teacher (12/2004):
There must have been a big battle. Nathakarai - might be a twist to 'ratha' karai (Blood bund). We got Mani Vizhundhan - where the king might have dropped his 'chain' or neck lace.

0 comments

small note

Kopperunjingadeva
Vannenjan-tirunal : Purattadi (Aug-Sept)
Sirkazhi - old name senbai
‘Vannenja’
chief Vanakovaraiyan Rajarajadevan Vannenjan
Ponparappina Vanakovaraiyar
Kumbhakonam
Rajaraja Vanakovaraiyan
Anukkap-pallavariayar - seller
Somanatha mangalam
Banaturai temple Banapurèsvara ()
Gangai-konda-Anukkap-pallavaraiyan
Araiyan Rajaraja devan,
Arrur in Milai
Viruddharaja bhayankara valanadu

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Kumbhakonam Somanatha temple

URL

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Somanatha temple
of Kumbhakonam

Dr.R.Nagaswamy

 

 

The
Banapuresvara temple, in Kumbhakonam town is of historic interest to students of
Chola art. It points to not only the development of Kumbhakonam township but
also a perceptible change in the art of Kumbhakonam. There are ten inscriptions
on the walls of the temple copied and published by the Tamilnadu State
Department of Archaeology, in the volume on Kumbhakonam inscriptions¹. Before the temple is studied it would be
advantageous to study the inscriptions.

The earliest
inscription on the temple is dated in the 9^th year of Kulottunga
Chola III, 1187 CE². There are four inscriptions of this
ruler including two of his own royal orders. The other six inscriptions are
records of the reign of Kulottunga 's son and successor Rajaraja chola III. The
earliest inscription refers to the purchase of a land with houses and
house-sites in the town of Kumbhakonam by one Rajaraja Vanakovaraiyan from the
members of a family who also held some distinguished posts under the Colas³. The family members who sold the land
were called Anukkap-pallavariayar, verily close officers of the king. The land
measuring about 5 velis inclusive of some houses, house-sites, wells, canals
etc., were bought by the Vanakovaraiyan for a sum of 8000 kacus. This land along
with some more lands measuring 18 velis in all were now bought by
Vanakovariyan and a sale deed obtained. The inscription stops with the purchase
and sale deed.

The next record
dated in the 11^th year of the same ruler is the royal order⁴. It states that the
purchaser Vanakovaraiyan informed the king that the land was separated from
Kumbhakonam and constituted into a new colony under the name Somanatha mangalam,
and some more land in Arrur was gifted to the Somanatha temple in Somanatha
mangalam as the property of the God. The King approved the above and now ordered
that the same should be inscribed on the walls of the temple. The Royal
secretary of the King and other high officers signed the order. It is clear from
these transactions that the Vanakovariyar purchased the land for establishing
the new colony Somanatha-mangalam and built the temple of Somanatha-dèva and
that the present Bana-puresvara temple is the Somanatha-dèva temple mentioned in
the inscriptions. This is further confirmed by all the other records which refer
to the transactions relating to the Somanatha temple.

The next
inscription is dated in the 15^th year of the king⁵. The same Vanakovaraiayan obtained a
flower garden situated in Kumbakonam but belonging to the Rajarajèsvara temple
(of Darasuram) and got it deleted from the registers of the Darasuram temple. He
now constituted the new colony Somanatha-mangalam for the Somanatha-deva temple,
its front yard, its sacred tank, and servants quarters around (ma¶ha-vil¡kam). This land was
now exempted from paying tax and its old name was also changed into
Somanatha-mangalam. Consequently the revenue division was also changed. It was
decided each veli of land should pay 40 kalams of paddy. The
record is damaged in places. However it is clear that Vanakovraiyar obtained
necessary approval from the king and got the new colony completed by the
15^th year (1193 CE) of the King .

Five of the
other records are dated in the reign of Rajaraja Chola III in his 4^th
and 6^th years⁶. All these, record purchase of lands and
endowment made to the temple of Somanatha. The last inscription is a fragment
recording a poem to be engraved. It is thus clear there was originally a vast
land serving as a flower garden for the Darasuram temple in the town of
Kumbhakonam. This part of the Kumbhakonam was bifurcated in the 10^th
year of Kulottunga III (1188 CE) and a new village settlement created with the
Somanatha temple also built in that year. The village was called
Somanatha-mangalam. It goes in modern times by the name Banaturai and the temple
Banapurèsvara. As the new colony and the temple were brought into existence by
Vana-kovaraiyan, it is possible that the settlement came to be called Vana-puri
after this chief and the temple assumed the name Bana-purèsvara.

The temple is a
modest structure and has undergone recently renovation. It is a three storied
vimana built of stone unto the ceilings of the first floor. It is not
possible to say whether the superstructure is brick or stone. However the

karna-kutas and mukha-badras are well articulated projecting from
the walls distinctly. While the ground floor is square in form the griva and the
sikhara are circular in shape and would thus fall into the category of
Vesara vimana. The garbhagraha is preceded by an
agra-mandapa which in turn has a preceding mandapa now called
Nritta mandapa. The vimna raises on an upa-pitha which now lies
mostly buried. The surrounding ground level has risen. The adhisthana is the
kapota bandha variety with padma-jagati and vritta kumuda. The
vritta kumuda has three different flutings -the horizontal and vertical fluting
and also plain kumuda form. The niches on the walls of the vimana

carry the following images. Ganèsa (original) in the south mandapa niche,
Dakshinamurti in the south vimana niche, Ardha-naresvara at the back
niche, while the northern vimana niche that would carry Brahma is now
empty and finally Durga in the northern niche of the mandapa. The
agra mandapa niches housing Ganesa and Durga are flanked by niches
which are now empty. The Ardha-naresvara image at the back niche doesn't seem to
be original as it shorter compared to the niche. It is possibly brought from
some other place and placed here. The Durga sculpture is an exceptionally
beautiful image and a classic example of Kulottunga III's time. Similarly the
image of Dakshinamurti is another very fine sculpture of Kulottunga III's
period. The Candikesvara shrine is also original though its superstructure has
changed. The front Nritta mandapa adorned with ornate pillars is
original and as is the custom of the age, the entrance to the mandapa is
by side steps which has now been replaced by front steps. The enclosure and the
entrance seem to have been rebuilt and probably the area has shrunk during the
centuries. Interestingly the Goddess is called Soma-kalambika. It may be said
the Somanatha temple (the modern Bana-puresvara temple) is the finest example
Kulottunga III's period in the town of Kumbhakonam.

The name
Somanatha occurring for the colony and the temple in the reign of Kulottunga III
deserves special attention. A number of places and temples came to be called
Somanatha mangalam and Somanathèsvara in and around Kumbhakonam in the reign of
Kulottunga III⁷. There is a Somanathesvara temple at
Palaiyarai⁸. The present Achyutamangalam near
Nannilam was called Somanatha mangalam and the temple called Somanatha deva
temple⁹. It is known that Kulottunga III 's
Rajaguru was one Somanatha dèva. The great temple built by Kulottunga III at
Tribhuvanam near Kumbhakonam was consecrated by this Somanatha who was also
called Ìsvara Siva, the son of ár¢ka¸¶a Siva¹⁰. This Somanatha was a great scholar who interpreted the
Upanishads in terms of Saiva philosophy. He is also credited with a work called
siddhanta ratnakara. The Tribhuvanam inscription giving these information also
calls him Ërya Somanatha, the son of ár¢ka¸¶a Sambhu¹¹. It is now known that ár¢ka¸¶a Sambhu hailed from Radha
country (Bengal) and was the builder of the Achyuta-mangalam temple¹². The Great temple of Tribhuvanam itself was under the
guidance of Somanatha who was also a Bengali guru. Obviously the
Somanatha-mangalam and Somanath&egrevesvara temple that came into existence
in the time of Kulottunga III were after this Rajaguru Somanatha. It is not
unlikely he was responsible for its consecration. I have suggested earlier that
the Somanatha temple at Palaiyarai came into existence in the time of Kulottunga
III¹³. I have also shown that Rajaraja II, the builder of the
temple at Darasuram had a Bengali Rajaguru and that the Darasuram temple also
was guided by a Bengali guru¹⁴. It would appear that the art of Bengal as patronized
by the Pala dynasty of Bengal left its impact on chola art. For example the
sculptures at Tanjore built by Rajaraja and the one at Gangaikonda-chola-puram
built Rèjendra have a rough finish but from the time Bengali gurus are seen
predominantly guiding the temple activities the sculptures are given a very high
polish. It is well known that the Pala sculptures have a high polish and the
Chola sculptures of the 12^th and 13^th cent have the Pala
finish. It is in all likely hoods due to Pala influence.

It is of
interest to mention that there exists in Kumbhakonam another temple called
Somèsvara adjacent to the famous temple of Sarangapani. This Somesvara should
not be confused with the Somanatha temple of the inscription. There is no
inscription on the walls of this Somèsvara temple. The temple itself carries
some portrait like sculptures on the walls flanking the main niches of the
vimana. The sculptures are of 10^th cent but the temple seems
to have been rebuilt intelligently integrating the above mentioned sculptures
into the fabric of the temple. the adhistana has a well pronounced
padma jagati topped by a vritta kumuda with well formed taranga
motif. This motif seems to be late but the adhisthana part gives a misleading
picture of early date. Above the adhistana the wall is certainly a later
building. But there is feeling that the original height of the strucutre has
been reduced in the rebuilding. Judging from the portrait like sculpture the
wall should have been some-what taller. The portrait-like sculpture of which six
are in position seems to suggest that are the Dikpalas and certainly of
10^th cent, following closely the Nagesvara temple sculpture. Though
these do not come near the Nagesvara sculptures they seem to be nearer in time.
Why this temple came to be called Somèsvara is not known. The notice board
placed at the entrance states that this temple was also known as
Karonam.(Kayarohanam) The Tevaram hymns do sing of a Karonam temple of Kudantai
(Kumbhakonam) . There is another temple in Kumbhakonam called Kasi Visvanatha
temple which is also identified with Karonam. This needs to be studied in
detail. However the Somèsvara temple is different from the Somanatha temple of
the inscription, built in the reign of Kulottunga III.

¹ Kumbhakonam inscriptions-Vol I, Ed.Marxia Gandhi, Tamilnadu
State Department of Archaeology, Chennai, 1980.

²
No.1 of 1979, ibid

³
The sellers were the sons of one
Gangai-konda-Anukkap-pallavaraiyan. The sellers inherited the land in
Kumbhakonam town from their father who died before that year. They had given
earlier a part of the land their father's younger brother who also sold that
land to this buyer Vanakovariayan for the same purpose, namely constituting the
Somanatha mangalam.

⁴
No 2 of 1979. Ibid. As will be seen in the
sequence the new colony was laid, and the temple of Somanatha built in the name
of the King's guru. Hence the King Kulottunga III himself issues the
order.

⁵
No 4 of 1979. Ibid. The full name of the
buyer appears in this record as Vanakovaraiyar , alias Araiyan Rajaraja devan,
of Arrur village in milalai nadu in the territorial division Viruddharaja
bhayankara valanadu.. This inscription is also a Royal order , the portion
recording (Konerinmai) konadan is damaged.the order was issued to the
worshipping priests, the Superintendents of the temple servants, and the
Administrative Officers of the Somanatha temple. There existed a flower garden
in Kumbhakonam belonging to the Rajarajesvara temple of Darasuram which is now
the subject matter of purchase in this record. It was bought and the temple of
Somanatha deva was built. In addition the front yard, the streets around the
temple for the temple servants, a sacred temple tank and a flower garden for the
temple of Somanatha were now established. The region where the somanatha temple
now stands was originally a flower garden of Darasuram temple. The area included
more wet lands besides the temple etc, So the temple and its surrounding area
were deleted from the revenue register of the Darasuram temple, a new register
drawn up, the temple and surroundings were exempted from paying taxes and the
taxes on the remaining lands were revised. The order was signed by the King's
royal secretary confirming that it is a royal order.

⁶

No 5 refers to sale of land to the temple of
Somanatha deva by one Arundavan Muvendavelan in the 4th year of
RajarajaIII.

No 6 refers to a sale of land to the
Somanatha deva temple for 25,747 kacus by one Sankara devan in the 4th year of
Rajaraja III.

No 7 relates to sale of a number pf
lands in the 6th year of the same king. The record is a long one and mentions a
number of temples in the region like Subramanya temple. the Vishnu temple of
Thurvaranga vinnagar, and Kulottunga vinnagar temple. Similarly a number of
irrigation canals are also mentioned like Rajarajan vaykkal, Chola kula vaykkal,
Sankaran vaykkal etc. The next record relates to the sale of a land to the
Somanatha deva temple. and mentions a matha named Rajarajan matham and a
pandal.. The other record is a continuation of the sale deed mentioned in no
7.

⁷
Nagaswamy.R., Bengal's contribution to
Chola temples, Journal of Bengal art. No 5, published by the ISBA, Dhaka,
Bagladesh, under print.

⁸
Nagaswamy.R., Palaiyaru and Kumbhakonam,
proceedings of the International conference on Kumhakonam as a sacred centre,
the British Museum, London, under print.

⁹
Nagaswamy.R., Bengal's contribution to
Chola temples, Journal of Bengal art. No 5, published by the ICSBA, Dhaka,
Bagladesh, under print.

¹⁰
Sarkar.H., the Kampaharesvara temple at
Trinhuvanam, Published by the Tamil nadu State Dept. of Archaeology, Chennai,
1974, Pp.49-52.

¹¹
Annual Report on Epigraphy, 1908,
pp.79-80

¹²

ARE no 402 of 1925 Also No 274 0f 1978
Published by Tamilnadu State Dept. of Archaeology, Nannilam Inscriptions Vol 2,
Ed by Padmavathi, Chennai, 1980,

¹³
Nagaswamy.R., Palaiyaru and
Kumbhakonam, proceedings of the International conference on Kumhakonam as a
sacred centre, the British Museum, London, under print.

¹⁴
Nagaswamy.R., Bengal's contribution to
Chola temples, Journal of Bengal art. No 5, published by the ISBA, Dhaka,

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Kingdoms that ruled Aragalur

Chola: 848 – 1279
1186 CE a Kadava chieftain named Virasekhara occupied Kudalur
Kadava (pallava?) - 1186-1279
Kopperunchinga I (reigned c.1216 - 1242 CE)
Kopperunchinga II (reigned c.1243 - 1279 CE)

Aragalur / Magadai Mandalam
1100+ : Rajaraja Vanar Kovaraiyan builds Karivaradha Perumal Kovil.
1187: Rajaraja Vanakovaraiyan
1197: Aragalurudaiya Ponparappinan Rajarajadevan alias Magadesan alias Magadai-Perumal, the well-known Bana chief of Magadai-mandalam
1206 Kulotthunga Chozha, III donates gold to Kamanatha Isvarar Temple. Kamanatha Isvarar temple gets Latthivaadi village.
1200+ : Raghutta Raya, Hoysala governor of Aragazhur.
1206-1218 Hoysalas invade Magadhai Mandalam. Hoysala Narasimha, II titles himself as “Magarajya Nirmulana.”
1220-1238 Narasimba, II, Hoysala king of Mysore. Magadhai Mandalam invaded again by Mysore.
1226 : Magadesan the well-known Bana chief
1230 Nachi makes a grant to Aragazhur temple.
1236 Magadhai Mandalam conquered by Veera Somesvara.
1258: chief Vanakovaraiyan Rajarajadevan Vannenjan of Aragalur (Vannenjan-tirunal) (Probablly pleaded to Pandiyan on defeat of Sendamangalam Chief)
1276-1293 S S pandiyan grants lands to Aragazhur brahmins.
1300+ :Chozhanga Dhevan endows lands to Ekambara Isvarar temple. Inscription , Sasanakal Kadu, Banapuram.
1369 : Mention about Magadai-mandalam
1513 Attut under Vijayanagar.
1518 Kamanatha Isvarar Kovil receives temple chariot from Thulukkana.
1519 Aragazhur temple servants complanin to Krishnadheva Raya.
1528 Mathu Nayakan grants Odiyatthur village to brahmins.
1533 Kannan of Koogaiur makes gift to Kamanatha Isvarar temple.
1559-1740 Madhurai Nayakans rule Salem.
1623 Thirumalai Nayakan divides his kingdom into 72 palayams.
1700+ Vanar chief grants the Kalrayan to Kariraman temple.
1768 The British capture the Atthur Fort.
~1775 Vanuva-Rayan (around Tipu Sultan's time)
1792 Captain Campbell garrisons in the Atthuer Fort.
1824 Atthur Fort ceases to be militarily important.
1832-1833 Draught and famine.
1838 Official support for Hindu temples and festivals ended.
1856 The Salem Gazette appears.
1866-1867 Severe famine.
1876-1878 The Great Famine.
1878 Excessive rains and famine.
1891-1892 Another famine.
1924 Prohibition introduced in atthur.

1083 - 1323: Kakatiya Dynasty, Andhra Pradesh.
Pandiya - 1251 - 1345
1251 - 1268 : Sadaiyavarman Sundhara pandiyan (Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan?)
Hoysala - 950 - 1346
Veera Someshwara (Hoysala) period 1235 - 1254
Vijayanagara : 1336 - 1614

Few long shot thoughts...
Bana is refered in West Africa & Hungary
Magadhai & Buddha are refered in same place many a times
Maghada could be a part of great Maghadha dynasty in the north India

Villiputturar from Magadai Nadu

921 Atthur established.
Kumbhakonam. This part of the Kumbhakonam was bifurcated in the 10th year of Kulottunga III (1188 CE) and a new village settlement created with the Somanatha temple also built in that year. The village was called Somanatha-mangalam. It goes in modern times by the name Banaturai and the temple Banapurèsvara. As the new colony and the temple were brought into existence by Vana-kovaraiyan, it is possible that the settlement came to be called Vana-puri after this chief and the temple assumed the name Bana-purèsvara

1 comments

Salem history

http://www.mynet.in/salem2.htm
Refers to
Aragalur with a spelling of Aragazhur
Has a mention of Magadhai Mandalam
--
1206-1218 Hoysalas invade Magadhai Mandalam.
13th century: Raghutta Raya, Hoysala governor of Aragazhur.
12th Rajaraja Vanar Kovaraiyan builds Karivaradha Perumal Kovil.
1230 Nachi makes a grant to Aragazhur temple.
1220-1238 Narasimba, II, Hoysala king of Mysore invades Magadhai Mandalam again.
1236 Magadhai Mandalam conquered by Veera Somesvara.
1276-1293 Sadaiyavarman Sundhara pandiyan grants lands to Aragazhur brahmins.
14th century: Chozhanga Dhevan endows lands to Ekambara Isvarar temple.
1519 Aragazhur temple servants complanin to Krishnadheva Raya.
--

SALEM CHRONOLOGY

Pre-History:
Palcolithic culture in Salem.
Dravidians come to India the Mediterranean region
Vrttuvar and other tribes in Salem

B.C


2000-200 A D Neolithic period in Salem.
Neolithic dung ash-heap of Nangavathi.
1000-200 A D Iron Age or Pandukal period Salem.
500-500 A D Tamil Sangam (?)
540-468 Jaimism established.
563-483 Buddhism established.
356-323 Porus presents Salem steel to Alexander.


3d century

Jainsm comes to Salem.
Salem gets its name from seelam.
The Adhiyamans.
258 Buddhism comes to Salem
250 Asokan inscription mentions sathyaputhra
200-200 A D Bogar, a Tamil Siddhar.


2d century

Asadhi of Aiveli.

A D
1st century
The Kolli Malai.
Adhan Ori of Kolli Malai
Adhiyaman Neduman Anji.
Gatti mentioned in Akananooru.
Irukkur.

1st century
The Jain dynasty of Rattas
38-68 Koneripatti trades with rome.
78-89 Veeraraja Ratta.
90-96 Govindharaya Ratta.
97-107 Krishnaraya Ratta.



2d century
Pandiyan Nedunchezhiyan.
Kanaikkal Irumporai rules Kolli Malai
Avvaiyai
100-300 Tamil Sangam(?)
108-117 Kala Vallavaraya Ratta.
150-320? Kapilar
178-? Thirivikramadheva Ratta converts to Hinduism.
179 Simhanandhi establishes the Ganga rule.



4th Century

Ammankovilpatti Brahmi inscription.
The Gangas defeat Adhiyaman.
Mantharan Cheral.
Rise of the Pallavar.

5th Century

480 Buddhist philosopher, Bodhidharma, goes to China.


5-7th Century
The Gangas.

6th Century

Saivite saint Appar visits Salem temples.
571-630 Mahendhra Varman Pallavan.

7th Century

Jainism and Buddhism weaken.
The Vettuvar – Vellalar battle.
The Adhiyamans convert to Hinduism.
Arthanari Isvarar Kovil built.
Nadukals of Nangavalli.
Varagu Unna Perunkudi Vellalar emigrate into Kongu Nadu.
630-668 Narasimha Varman Pallavan.

8th Century

Adhiyaman Gunaseelan excavates Namakkal cave temples.
765-795 Pandiyan Nedunsadaiyan Paranthakan.
784 Adhiyaman defeated by Pandiyan.
788-838 Hindu philosopher Sankara.

9th Century
Jainism and Buddhism fade away from Salem.
863 The Pallavar defeat Pandiyan.
870-906 Adhittha Karikala Chozha.
894 Karikala conquers Kongu from the Gangas.
898 Endowments to Dharmapuri Jain temples.

10th century
The decline of the Pallavar.
Tharamangalam Kailasanathar Kovil.
Mazhakongam becomes Vadakarai Rajasraya Valanadu.
Ponneri varman.
Kolli-Mazhavan Sundhara Chozhan.
906-955 Paranthaka Chozha,I.
906 Paranthaka Chozha the Madhiri Konda Parakesari Varman.
Kadhiranallur Paranthaka Isvarar Kovil built.
Chozha vassal, Lingannan, kills veerapandiyan.
907 Chozha empire reaches its zenith.
921 Atthur gets established.
985-1014 The Great Rajaraja,I.
994 Rajaraja sends Kulasekara Bhattar to Kailasanathar Kovil.
997 Sarama Munivar establishes Devanakurichi Isvarar Kovil.


11th century
Kulotthunga Chozha, I’s inscriptions in Kakaveri & Palamedu.
Oriuran Pirithikanda Varman.
Munrukarai Nattar build the Pachal yeri.
Beginnings of Rasipuram. Arunagirinathar.
1012-1044 Rajendhra Chozha,I.
1070-1120 Kulotthunga Chozha,I.
1080 Vinayadhithya brings parts of Salem under the Hoysalas.


12th century
Nalvazhai Vettuvan digs a well in Pillaimathi.
Boppana Kangayan.
Rajaraja Vanar Kovaraiyan builds Karivaradha Perumal Kovil.
Veerapandiyan inscription:
Bodhi Malaiyalis to pay homage tax to Kolli Malai.
Kannagan Vazhuthi Narayana Dhevan, Pandiya governor Of Salem.
Navani village granted to brahmins.
Belur Thaanthonri Isvarar Kovil built.
Oriuran grants villages to Thussur temple.
Parutthippalli Agatthisv arar Kovil built.
Periyapillai Andai donates pilars to Agatthisvarar temple.
Chozhanga Dhevan dynasty established.
Thithan establishes Rasipura Nadu.
1106-1168 Basava, the founder of Lingayat.
1178-1218 Kulotthunga Chozha,III
1184 Nakka Chozhanga Dhevan grants lands.

13th century
Adhittha Dhevan awarded the village of Valaiyamadhevi
Azhagiya Siyan Chozhanga Dhevan grants lands to
Alavoy Malai temple.
Tharamangalam Kailasanathar Kovil built.
Vallipuram Thaanthonri Isvara Udaiyar Kovil built.
Raghutta Raya, Hoysala governor of Aragazhur.
Suriya Kangayan gains chieftaincy of Ezhukarai Nadu.
1206 Kulotthunga Chozha, III donates gold to Kamanatha Isvarar
Temple.
Kamanatha Isvarar temple gets Latthivaadi village.
1206-1218 Hoysalas invade Magadhai Mandalam.
Hoysala Narasimha, II titles himself as “Magarajya
Nirmulana.”
1219 Pichan Chokkan and Thazhi Vadugi build tank sluices in
Belur.
1220-1238 Narasimba, II, Hoysala king of Mysore.
Magadhai Mandalam invaded again by Mysore.

1230 Nachi makes a grant to Aragazhur temple.
1233-1267 Veera Somesvara, Hoysala king of Mysore.
1236 Magadhai Mandalam conquered by Veera Somesvara.
Nangavalli & Sendhamangalam Somesvara Swamy temples
built ?
1249 Siragapadi tank constructed.
1251-1271 Sadaiyavarman Sundhara Pandiyan.
1253-1265 Veerapandiya Dhevan.
1254-1295 Veera Ramanatha, Hoysaa king.
1265 Salem Soundhararaja Perumal Kovil constructed.
1268 Veera Ramanatha’s inseriptions in Tharamangalam temples.
1276-1293 Rwifn od Sadaiyavarman Sundhara pandiyan.
S S pandiyan grants lands to Aragazhur brahmins.
S S Pandiyan’s inscripations in soundhararaja Perumal
Kovil (1285) and in Kailasanathar Kovil (1291).
1291-1342 Ballala, III, Hoysala king of Mysore.

14 th century

Chozhanga Dhevan endows lands to Ekambara Isvarar temple.
Inscription , Sasanakal Kadu, Banapuram.
Omalur Kottai built.
Sevvoypettai Prasanna Venkataramana Swamy Kovil renovated.
Dhalavoy Ariyanathat builds fort at Sankagiri.
Saurashtrar flee Gujarat.
1310 Malik Kaful goes through Salem.
Paramatthi Kottai razed
The Chozha overthrown.
1354 Ballala’s inscription in soundhararaja Perumal Kovil.
1364 Atthipenn installed as Sella Kula Manikki.
1368-1565 Salem under Vijayanagar empire.
1368 Bukka Kumara Kampanna seizes Salem from Muslims.
1371 Thambi Kalaignan born.
1378 Vijayanagar absorbs Pandiya country.

15th century
The chalukyas.
The rise of the palyakarars.
Saint Sivaprakasar’s visit to Thiruchngodu.
Peddha Thirumala Venkataraya builds Goja Varadharaja
Perumal Kovil.

Svethapuram granted to Agatthisvarar Kovil.
1443 Veeraprathapa Dhevarayan’s insacriptions
In Kailasanathar Kovil, Rasipuram.
1450-1525 Siddhar Sundharam of Kanjamalai.
1467 Morur Nsllspulli Smmsn Kovil established.

16th century

Ramachandhra Nayajabs if Sendhamangakam.
Morur Kangayan allies with Madhurai Nayakan.
Utthandappa Nayakan.
Entrance tower of Rasipuram Kailasanathar Kovil built.
Morur Pambalankarar Kovil built.
Karai Nadu granted to Sellan clan.
Samasamudhram village founded.
1509-1529 Emperor Krishnadheva Raya.
1513 Attut under Vijayanagar.
Villavaraya Nattham Donated by A Y Thimmaiya Nayakan.
Inscription in Atthur Kayanirmala Isvarar temeple.
1514 Krishnadheva Reya grants lands to oKokkaraiyanpettai temple.
1518 Kamanatha Isvarar Kovil receives temple chariot from
Thulukkana.
1519 Aragazhur temple servants complanin t Krishnadheva Raya.
1523 Inscriptions in Atthur Kayanirmala Isvarar temple.
1528 Mathu Nayakan grants Odiyatthur village to brahmins.
1529-1542 Achyuthadheva Reya.
1529 Bairoji village granted to Srirangam temple.
Achyuthadhevca Raya grants lands to Kokkarayanpettai temple.
Vanangamudi Gatti grants Padiveedu
to a matam in Chidhambaram.
1532 Nayakan dynasty established in Madhurai.
Achyuthadheva Reya recognizes Malaiyalis on the Kallrayan.
1535 Ramachandhra Nayakan , I, Sendhamangalam palayakarar.
1533 Kannan of Koogaiur makes gift toKamanatha Isvarar temple.
1538 Kummal Annagal, Vijayanagara governor of Sankagiri.
Vanangamudi Gatti endows tolls to a matam in
Chidhambaram.
1540 Ramappa Nayakan, Vijayanagar governor of Sankagiri.
1540-1541 Achyuthadheva Raya,s inseriptions in Tharamangalam.
1544 Kunnatthur becomes Sankagiri.
Dhandu Bava Appaiyan, Vijayanagar governor of Sankagiri
Sadhasiva Raya’s inseription in Tharamangalam.
1550s Narasinga Ramanji, Vijayanagar governor of Sankagiri.
1551 Arthanari Chetty carver monolithic temple lamp-pole.
1559 Kangayan builds mantapam in Arthanaru Isvarar Kovil.
1559-1740 Madhurai Nayakans rule Salem.
1764 Vanna Immudi Hama Nayana Gatti endows lands to
Tharamangalam temples.
Nalpalli renamed Iiama Samudhram.
1565 The Chera country absorbed by Vijayanagbar empire.
Harihara Raya grants Anaiyampatti to brahmins.
Sadhasiva Raya, defeated by Muslims, flees to Penukonda.
1570 Baramahal granted to Jagadheva Raya.
1578 Jagadheva Raya builds a fort.
1589 Thirumalai Atthappa Nallathambi Kangayan builds
Singa Mantapam on the Thriuchengodu hill.
Thirumalai Atthappa renovates Morur Nallapulli Amman Kovil.
1599 Chengottu Velavar Kovil built.

17th century

Sivavakkiyar, a Tamil Siddhar.
Thakkai Ramayanam of Pattharpaadi Emperuman.
The Chezhiyans.
Sema Pulavan, the magician.
Laksmana Nayakan builds a fort and matam in Belur.
Tharamangalam Kailasanathar Kovil elaborated.
Dhasavilakku village granted to Kailasanathar temple.
Morur Kannar migrate to Kizhampadi.
Konagapadi granted for Kailasanathar temple festivals.
Konda Bupathi.
Samboji, governor of Sankagiri.
Valasundharam, the poet.
Masinayakanpatti founded by Masi Nayakan.
Ayodhyapattanam Kothandaramar Kovil built.
Namagiripettai established by the Jangamar.
Nazhikalpatti nadukal.
Pappampadi village granted toTharamangalam brahmins.
Peddhanayakan of Attur.
Mummudi Ramachandhra Nayakan of Sendhamangalam.
Arai Immudi Allala Iiaiyan digs Raja Voykal.
1600 The British East India Company founded.
1604 De Nobilli comes to India.
1617 Renovation of Thiruchengodu Kailasanathar Kovil.
1618 Kangayan builds mantapam in Chengottu Velavar shrine.
1623 Thirumalai Nayakan divides his kingdom into 72 palayams.
De Nobili brings Christianity to Salem.
De Nobili converts a Lingayat.
1624-1659 salapathy Nayakan.
1627 Kangayan builds mantapam in Arthanari Isvarar Kovil.
1637 Mamundi village founded by Kondppa Aiyan.
1638-1659 Kanthirava Narasimha, Mysore king.
1641 Vanangamudi gatti loses territory to Mysore.
1643 Arai Immudi Allala Iiaiyan renovates Nagesvarar Kovil.
1644 Vanagamudi Samudheam established.
1652-1718 Ramachandhra Nayakan, IV of Sendhamangalam.
1652 Madhurai Nayakan inscription in Erumaipatti.
1554 S Gatti builds entrance hall,Arthanari Isvarar Kovil.
1657 Kondappa Aiyan grants Kurichi to Belur Siva temple.
1660 Chikka Deveraja conquers Sankagiri, Thoppur and Omalur.
1663 Chokkannatha Nayakan builds tower of Kailasanathar Kovil.
1664 Kondappa Aiyan builds tower base of Kailasanathar Kovil.
1667 Vanagamudi Gatti Ioses Omalur to Mysore.
1669 Baramahal annexed by Bijapur.
1674 Baramahal granted to Nawa b of Kurnool.
1678 Sankagiri Chenna Kesava Perumal Kovil built.
1679 Veera Chetty donates doors to Kailasanathar temple.
1685 Vettuva Chengodan builds parts of Nagesvarar Kovil.
Governor Thesayan builds Ezhur temples
1688-1689 Chikka Dhevaraja puts an end to the Gatti dynasty.
1688- 1689 Lingannan ceges Attur to Chikka Dhevaraja.
1693 Pakampiriyan,the poet, writes kovil works
.

1699 Chikka Dhevaraja visits Thiruchengodu.
Nagamalai Kavundar assmbles overnight a temple chariot


18th century

Murugan shrine established in Arapalli Isvarar Kovil.
Vanar chief grants the Kalrayan to Kariraman temple.
Nanjaiya Kavundar acquires Kumaramangalam jagir.
N Thondaimaan Kavundar of Morur.
The Jangamar migrate into Salem.
Thondaimaan Kavundar of Mamundi builds irrigation tanks.
Raja Thottam constructed.
1700 Baramahal comes under the rule of Gingee.
1714 Sriramasamudhram established.
1717 Aprthima Krishnarajapuram established in Sankagiri.
1730 Dheveangar migrate from Bhavani to Namakkal.
1734 Krishnaraja Wondeyar grants lands to the Arthanari
Isvarar kovil , Thiruchengodu.
1750 The bank of Svayamvara Yeri in Kaveriputam breach.
1753 Nawab of Cuddappa takes Baramahal.
1756 Dheeran Chinnamalai born.
1759 Seelanyakan born.
1760 Baramahal seized by Hydher Ali.
1761 Hydher Ali seizes absolute power in Mysore.
Thomas Munro born.
1767-1769 The First Mysore War.
1767 Arunachala Asari born?
1768 The British capture the Atthur Fort.
Salem Fort captured by the British.
Hydher Ali captures Salem Fort.
Colonel Wood seizes Kaveripuram pass.

1772 The post of collector created.
1772-1773 The Mysore Gate on Sankagir I hill constructed.
1774 Dhevarathna Gurusamy , a Tamil Christian, dies.
1775 Hydher ali creates a confederacy against the British.
1780-1784 The Second Mysore War.
1781 Kondama Nayakan comes to Salem from Baramaha
1782 Hydher Ali dies.
1783 Thippu confims the Bommasamudhram grant to Hampaiya.
1784 The batta rebellion in the Company army.
Thippu rennames Sankargiri as “Muzuffarabad”.
1785 Cornwallis becomes Governor-General.
Kondama Nayakan, collector of taxes for the Servarayan.
1790-1792 The Third Mysore War.
1790 Holyman Palladhasan born.
1792 Captain Campbell garrisons in the Atthuer Fort.
Salem Fort becomes the Company,s garrison.
Defeated Thippu Sultan cedes 27 taluk to the Company.
Salem comes under the Company rule.
The Daniells visit Sankagiri.
“Baramahal and Salem” districxt created wth 36 taluks.
Alexander Read, the first collector of Salem.
Belur taluk created.
Dashwood establishes Salem Commercial Resodemcy.
Charles Carpenter comes to Salem.
Du Bois builds church and chathrams.
Kondama Nayakan becomes a “renter of lands.”
1793-1797 The Company’s land settlement survey completed.
1793 Macdonald’s Choultry built.
1794 Andagalur tollgate contracted to Arunachala Aiya.
J Oram arrests Mehdians who killed Muhammad Ismail.
1795 Hurdis examines the authenticity of inams.
Brahmin landowners complain against Macleod.
Complaints against Nanjaiya, the tahsildar.
Nanjaiya Kavundar of Mallasamudhram jailed.
1796 Ananthagiri becomes Atthur.
Edapadi taluk reorganized.
Ryothwari system introduced.
Hamilon surveys the Kaveri for inland navigation.
Taluks of Salem reorganized and reduced to 25.
1797 Hamilton plants sugarcane along the Kaveri riverbank.
1798 Aiyangar Chettiyar, the swindler.
1799-1801 Salem city becomes capital for “Baramahal and Salem.
1799 The Fourth Mysore War.
Thippu Sulthan dies.
The “Baramahal and Salem” district divided into
Baramahal and Thalaghat.

19th century
Belukurichi Nanjaiya Kavundar.
Belukurichi “Vilankoy Battle.”
Kongu Pulavar Sangam.
The chathram of putthirakavundanpalayam built.
Pichu Kuppaiyan, brahmin bamdit of Navani.
1800s Pambana Kangayan.
1800 Read writes his final Report on Salem.
1800-1801 Bucleod transferred out of Salem.
1801 Machanan travels though Salem.
The “Baramahal and Salem” district reorganized.
1801-1802 Chinnamalai attacks the British army.
1802-1804 The zamindhari system introduced.
1803-1820 Narasa Aiyar, the corrupt official.
1804 Kumaramangalam zamiun acquired by N Kailasa Kavundar.
Pudhchathram bult by Kailsa Kavundar.
1803 Edapadi taluk board abolished.
1805 Salem judicial district established.v
1804 J M Lechler born.
1805 G F Fischer born.
1808 Dheeran Chinnamalai killed.

1807 Buchanan’s Journey published.
1808 Salem District with 27 taluks comes into existence.
Dharmapuri becomes the district capital.
1811Vasantha Vallabharayla Perumal Kovil relocated.
1812 The zamindhari system seen as a failure
1815 Omalur taluk absorbed into Salem taluk.
1816 Reforms introduced in administration.
Company troops’ presence increated in salem city.
1819 Taluks of Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri created.
Omalur taluk recreated.
1820s The Grange on the Servarayan built.
The Kalipatti Kandhasamy Kovil founded.
1820 The Salem Commercial Residency closed.
Lands granted on the Servarayan for coffee plantations.
1823 W D Davis renovates temples in Salem and Thiruchengodu.
Salem gains military importance over Sankagiri.
1823-1824 The first famine of the century.
1824 Atthur Fort ceases to be militarilyb important.
1825 Heath goes to London to plan a steel enterprise in Salem.
1826 Salem Mission of London Missionary Society established
H Crisp takes over school;s established By the Collector.
Thomas Manro orders survey of the Seervarayan.
Thomas Munor dies.
1829 David Cockburn dismissed. .
1830 Salem City becomes capital of the dstrict.
Heath establishes the East Indian Steel and Iron Co.
The cowle system discontinued.
1831 Collectors become judges and magistrates.
1832 Cathcart refuses to support Hindu temples anad festivals.
The district caital moves to Hosus.
1832-1833 Draught and famine.
1834G F Fischer builds a chathram in Masikalipati.
1835 John Orr takes population census of the district.
1836 Dr Benza describes the Chalk Hills.
Mrs Nainammal sells Salem zamindhari.
G F Fischer acquires Salem zamindhari.
1837 Henry Bevan looses his family to cholera.
1838 Official support for Hindu temples and festivals ended.
1840 Robert Bruce Foote born.
Lechler cmes to Salem.
1842 Jessie Foulkes born. T
The Servarayan Malaiyalis fight over the succession of tribal chief.

1843 Ramalinga Asari fights brahmins ofr his caste rights.
1844 Modified cowle system introduced.
Madikalipatti chathram granted to Samba Aiyar.
1850 The Chengottu Pallu released.
Cowle rules relaxed.
Trustees begin to manage temples.
J M Lechler in Koneripatti.
1851 J M Heath dies.
1852 C Vijayaragahava Achari born.
Salem G Ramasamy Mudhaliyar born.
1853-1854 Kumarapalayam- Bhavani bridge across the Kaveri built.
1853 The Brothers of Saint Gabriel formed.
1854 Dr Snow demonstrates that cholera is spread through water.
Pagadalu Narasimhalu Nayadu born.
1855 New revenue surveyn undertaken.
Lechler builds a church lin Salem.
Settlement department established.
1856 The Salem Gazette appears.
The Salem Sanitaryo Association formed.
1857-1858 The “Great Indian Mutiny.”
The Gramge in Yercdu strengthened as refuge for Europeans.
1858 Beginnings of the General lHospital, Salem.
The Crown takes over the Company.
T A Muthusamy Konar born.
1859 The Police department organized.
1860s Fischer attempts to introduce tea on the Servarayan.
Kulankalan, the bandit.
1860 The Beaumanoir built in Yercadu.
Taluks of Salem reorganized and reduced to nine.
Omalur taluk absorbed again by Salem taluk.
The Sankagiri Kavundan Movement.
The Inam Register.
Salem city becomes the district capital.
1861 Salem-Thirupatthur raolwau lome poemed.
Fischer’s coffee estale sold.
J M Lechler dies.
Attaiyampatti police post estblished to apprechend Kulankalan.
1862 G Maabs succeeds Lechler.
Salem Central Jail built.
1863 Maabs builds schools.
1862-1864 Pre-1800 inams examined and confirmed.
1864 H A Brett builds the Kenilworth.
Arbuthnott opens the Servarayan for coffee plantations.
1865 Dhevanga Puranam by Mambazham wrutten.
Kristnama Nayaka of Athur builds
A chathram and a bridge.
1866 A Salem branch of the Brahmo Samaj established.
The Salem Sanitary association changed to Salem
Municipal Council.
1866-1867 Severe famine.
Periyan Rangaiya Provides famine relief.
1867 G F Fischer dies.
Salem city limits expand.
G F F Foulkes born.
1869 Lakshmana Kavundar leases his Kalralyan jagir.
Rasipuram Ponmudi Ponnusamy Chettiyar born.
1870s Longley builds protective wall around the Maladikal.
1870 Salem city olimits expand.
1871 Salem Municipal Council becomes
Salem Town Improvement Trust.
Local Funds Act.
Salem city absorbs more villages.
Salem Literary Society established.
Kumarasamyapatti joined to Salem city.
P V Manikka Nayakar born.
Svayamprakasa Swamy born.
1872 Salem Town Improvement Trust changed to
Salem Municipal Commission.
Dhadhaboy Kuttai destroyed for Salem City’s extension.
Salem Municipalirty tries to reform burial grounds.
Small pox severe in Gugai.
Salem Municiapality buys lands in Gugai for expansion.
Road work on the Servarayan begins.
1873 Mambazham’s Sinkara Rasamanjari published.
The Salem Gazette becomes a fortnightly.
1874 Salem Mutural lImproverement Society.
Belukutivhi xsminfhst P Subbaraya Kavundar born.
1875 Salem Christ Church built.
Cholera epidemic rages.
Excise system introduced.
Atthur Melakara Vinayakar temple built.
F J Richards born.
Justice K Sundharam Chettiyar born.
1876-1878 The Great Famine.
Longley larranges special sale of cloth to help weavers.
1876 Namakkal Literary oInstitute opened.
Salem Readomg Room established.
1877 Salem Municipal Relief Fund created for famine relief work.
Native Surgeon appointed in Salem general Hospital.
Dr Phillips builds the Sendharapatti church.
1878 Sevvoypettai Mosque bio;t.
Salem Zilla School admits girls.
Excessive rains and famine.
1879 Zilla school becomes High School.
Government arts College starts at Municipal High School.
E V Ramasamy Nayakar born.
C Rajagopala Achari born.
Robert Fischer sells Victoria Market to Salem municipality.
1880 Lakshmana Kavundar wants the Kalrayan lease cancelled.
The Thirumanimuthu Aru officially becomes a sewage Canal.
Bommanna Aiyar born.
S Kandhasamy Kandar born.
1881 The Kalrayan mountains comes under the British rule.
The Salem Gazette becomes a monthly.
The Salem Reading Room renamed Salem Mahajana Sabha.
1882 Hindu-Muslim riots of Sevvoypettai.
Sevvoypettai Prasanna Venkataramana Swamy Kovil takes
Precautionary actions against desecration.
Gugai Ambalavanar Kovil renovated.
Salem District Board takes over the Thalaivaasal chathram.
1883 S Ellappa Chettiyar born.
The Dhevanga Puranam published in Coimbatore.
Danishpet established by Kofoed.
1884 Local Boards Act supersedes Local Fund Act of 1871.
Salem Circle abolished
Salem Town Improvement Trust terminated.
Salem Mlunicipal Commission instituted.
Dr M Phillips dies.
1885 Mambazham’s Chandhra Vilasam published.
Salem High School lcomes under municipal management.
Maraiya Asari born.s
Salem G Ramasamy Mudhaliyar goes to England.
1886 Church of Notre Dame de la Salette of Koneripatti built.
M Mambazham dies.
1888 Namakkal Ramalingam Pillai born.
1889 Dr P Subbarayan born.
A Ramasamy Kavundar born.
G P Somasundharam born.
1890 Dhevadhasi Anandhi donates steps for Prasanna
Venkataramana Swamy Kovil, Sevvoypettai.
1891-1892 Another famine.
1892 Salem Municipal College established.
Sendharapatti and Kondayampatti joined as one pachayat.
Salem G Ramasamy Mudhaliyar dies.
Rasipuram A Ramasamy Aiya born.
1895 Ryothwari system thoroughly modified.
Salem Muhammadan Eductional Association formed.
Corundum mining rights auctioned.
1896-1897 Last famine of the century.
Lechler Theological andTraining Institutions.
1898 Chithbavanandha born.
K Paramasiva Kavundar dies.
1899 Mangnesite Syndicate, London formed.

20th Century

1901 Amarar Puranam published.
Rajaji comes to Salem.
1902 Linguist G Dhevaneyan born.
1903 Salem-Yercadu road via Mallapuram Ghat constructed.
1906 S V Ramasamy born.
1907 The Periodicat Dravidabhimani appears.
Modern Theatres T R Sundharam born.
1910 Omalur taluk recreated.
Ellis makes the decision to build Mettur Dam.
1911 Suramangalam-Sevvoypettai railway line opened.
Salem City gets water from Panaimartthupatti Reservoir.
1912 Robert Bruce Foote dies.
G F F Foulkes donates land for Salem city.Jessie Foulkes dies.
P V Manikka Nayakar goes to England.
1913 The Brands marry.
Manikka Nayakar returns home form England.
1914-1918 World War I.
1917 Sevvoypettai –Salem Town railway line opened.
Town railway station built by the District Board.
1914 Dr Paul wilson Brand born.
St Elizabeth Iron Works at Kanjamalai.
1916 Omalur taluk bifurcated tinto Omalur and Mettur.
Mrs S V Ramasamy born.
1917-1919 Rajaji becomes Salem Municipal Chairman.
1917 Rajaji introduces prohibition in Salem City.
Government Headquarters Hospital, Salem.
Mohan Kumaramangaslam born.
Montfort school opened.
1918 Taluks of Salem reorgainzed into eleven.
Namakkal Taluk returned to Salem.
Rasipuram taluk reconstituted.
Gugai Ramalinga Sowdesvari Amman matam built.
1919 The Dravidabhimani ceased publication.
Karuppannna Swamy establishes Kumaragiri Kovil.
Leigh Bazaar established.
Rajaji moves to Madras.
1920 Non-officials become presidents of District Boards.
1921 Writer S D Sundharam born.
1922 Pagadalu Narasimhalu Nayudu dies.
1924 Prohibition introduced in atthur.
The Kongu Vel.
Salem City limmites expand again.
The Kongu Vellala Mithram.
The Salem Club.
1925 The Self-Respect movement loaunched.
Rajaji establishes the Gandhi ashram.
Mahatma Gandhi visits Salem.
All India Dhevangar Conference, Madras.
Mettur Dam project sanctioned.
1926 Bommanna Aiyar Publishes his oDhevanga book.
1927 Mettur Dam construction begins.
1928 Rajaji’s Vimochanam and Prohibition.
Government of India takes over Salem Town railway Station.
Belulkurichi Subbarya Kavundar dies.
1929 The Mettur Taluk formed.
The Suramangalam-Mettur railway line opened.
The Mettur Dam built.
J M Bramd does.
Ponmudi Ponnusamy Chettiyar dies.
Hansenur established.
1930 Dr P Subbarayan introduces prohibition in Salem.
Malaiyali guru issues officieall history.
1931 Caste groups of Salem support prohibition.
Mother Emma starts St Mary’s Institution, Chettipatti.
Sevvoypettai Self-Respect Association building opened.
The Salem-Viruddachalam railway line opened.
P V Manikka Nayakar dies.
1932 The Arapalli Isvarar Sathakam published.
Salem Municipal College moves to Kumarasmypatti.
Rasipuram becomes a subtaluk.
1933 Gandhian agitation against untouchability.
Gandhi Aiyar opens his restaurant to the untouctables.
1934-1935 The Salem Times.
1934 Taluk Boards abolished.
Mahatma Gandhi’s second visit to Salem.
1935 Mettur Water supply to Salem Ciity project begun.
1936 T R Sundharam establishes Modern Theatres.
1937 The Madras Presidency omade an autonomous presidency.
Rajaji, Prime Minister of Madras presidency.
Total prime Minister of Madras Presidency.
Sevvoypettai Rajendhra Chathram built.
Mettur Dam begins generating electricity.
Jedarpalayam Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga Sangam.
Putthur Chozhesvarar Kovil renovated.
1938 Sarvotthamuka Athirudhra Yagnyam conducted in Yethapur.
1939-1945 World War, II
1939 Raja kambalatthar Sangam formed.
1940s Thulasi Chettiyar builds Sowdesvari temple in Kakaveri.
Kandlhasamy kandar establishes hostel for poor students.
1940 G Dhevaneyan comes to Salem Municipal College.
1941 Welcome Choultry in alavoy Malai build.
Mettur Taluk absobed into Omalur.
Mettur Chemical and Inductrial Corporation established.
Rasipuram taluk reconstituted again.
Salem City limits expand again.
1942 Maraiya Asari dies.
1943 Prohibition scrapped.
Kasilinga Swamy builds flight of steps on Alavoy Malai.
1944 Dravida Kazhagam born.
T A Muthusamy Konar dies.
1945 Kandhasamy lKandar Hish School established.
Karuppanna Samy dies.
1946 G F F Fouulkes dies.
Prohibition reintroduced.
1946-1947 The first Tamil daily of Salem, Dhinathaal.
A Church is named after J M Lechler.
1948 Svayamprakasa Swamy dies.
1950 Madras Presidency becomes Madras State.
Madras Panchayat Act.
Communist inmates riot in Central Jail.
A Ramasamy Kavundar dies.
1951 Nachiyappa Kavundar dies.
Justice K Sundharam Chettiyar dies.
1952 Mettur water comes to Salem City.
1953 District central Library oopened.
1956 M Denis comes to chettipatti Leprosy Centre.
Madras Panchayas Act.
1958 The Retreat comes to Yercadu.
1959 Mrs Brand retirms to Kalrayan.
1960s Chakkili Yeri destroyed.
1960 Salem Municipal College becomes a government College.
Indian Institute of Handloom Technology established.
1961 Saradha College established.
1962 Dr P Subbarayan dies.
Kandhasamy Kandar College established.
Salem City becomes sister city of Salem, Oregon, USA.
1963 Modern Theatres T R Sundharam dies.
1964 Mammattiyan Killed.
1965 Present Salem district formed.
1966 S V Ramasamy dies.
1968 Rasipuram gets water from panaimaratthupatti Reservoir.
1968-1971 The Kandhasramam built.
1969 Madras State becomes Tamil Nadu.
1970 A Ramasamy aiya dies.
1970-1972 Mudhalmozhi.
1971 Salem Zilla Dhevanga Mahajana Sangam.
G P Somasundharam dies.
1972 Salem Women’s Arts college established.
Namakkal poet Ramalingam Pillaii dies.
1973 E V Ramasamy Natajar dues.
Monan Kumaramangalam dies.
1974 Fire destroys Melur, Bodhi Malai.
1976 Salem Government Musecum established.
1979 S D Sundharam dies.
1981 G Dhevaneyan dies.
1985 The Metcyhem Silicon Company started.
1987 The District Record Centre opened.
The Mettur Thermal Power Statopm estab;osjed.
Chozha Bronze scuptures unearthed in Manapalli.
Morur Nallapulli Amman Kovil renovzated.
1988 Chemplast absorbs Mettur Chemical land Industrial Corp.
1989 The Utthamachozhapuram temple renovated.
Mrs S V Ramasamy dies.

3 comments

from whatisindia

No. 180.

(A.R. No. 160 of 1904).

Tiruppalappandal, Cuddalore Taluk, South Arcot District.

On the east base of the mandapa in front of the central shrine in the madyastha-nathesvara temple.

Kulottunga III. Year [20] : 1197-98 A.D.

The donor figuring in this inscription is Punniyavatti, the mother of Aragalurudaiya Ponparappinan Rajarajadevan alias

Magadesan, the well-known Bana chief of Magadai-mandalam.

It recordsa gift of income from taxes, including ayam, antarayam, padikaval, tari-irai, and sekkiraippattam on wet and dry

lands in the village of Tiruppalaippandal to god Tirunagisuram-udaiya Nayanar of the place, by the donor, mentioned above.

No. 185.

(A.R. No. 165 of 1904).

Tiruppalappandal, Cuddalore Taluk, South Arcot District.

On the south wall of the Kanakambika shrine in the Madhyasthanathesvara temple.

Dunmukhi.

The details of date given are Dunmukhi, Kattigai, 25, Palaeographically this inscription may be assigned to the 18th century.

It mentions the desolation of the parru on account of the death of Rayar and the measures taken by the mahajanas and tanattar

of the place for the god consecrated by the Mudalis of Aragalur. This inscription is unfinished.

No. 164.

(A.R. No. 122 of 1906).

Jambai, Tirukkoyilur Taluk, South Arcot District.

On the gopura (left of entrance) of the Jambunatha temple.

It is stated in this inscription dated in the 11th year, that Vanakovaraiyan Rajarajadevan Vannenjarayan[8] of Aragalur,

probably a subordinate of Kopperunjingadeva, exempted, from the 7th year, the village Gunamangalam situated on the ‘southern

bank of the Pennai’ and belonged to the god Tiruttantonri Avudaiya-Nayanar at Senbai alias Virarajendrasolapuram, from the

payment of the taxes kasayam, ponvari, alamanji and antarayam, so that it might be brought under cultivation. The village

Gunamangalam may be identified with the village of the same name in the Tirukkoyilur taluk.

It is learnt from this inscription that Vanagoppadi-nadu was on the north bank of the river Pennai.[9]

No. 191.

(A.R. No. 96 of 1906).

Jambai, Tirukkoyilur Taluk, South Arcot District.

ON the west wall of the outer mandapa in the Jambunatha temple.

This inscription, also of the 16th year, registers the agreement made by the nattavar of the territory situated to the north

of the river Avinai and to the south of the Pennai, to conduct, for the welfare of the chief, a festival called Vannenjan-

tirunal in the month of Purattadi (August-September) in the temple of Tiruttantonri Aludaiya-Nayanar at Sanbai, from the

income in paddy assigned for the purpose by Vennenja-Nayanar. ‘Vannenja’ was evidently identical with the chief

Vanakovaraiyan Rajarajadevan Vannenjan of Aragalur, a subordinate of Kopperunjingadeva.[7]

The date of this record is A.D. 1258, December 9, Monday.

No. 234.

(A.R. No. 154 of 1906).

Elavanasur, Tirukkoyilur Taluk, South Arcot District.

On the west wall of the second prakra of the Gramardhanathesvara temple.

In the present inscription, it is stated that a gift made in the 2nd year was engraved on stone in the 30th year of the

chief. It records a gift of 1 veli of land in Mambattur, free of taxes, for providing worship and offerings in the temple of

Urbagankondaruliya-Mahadeva at Iraiyanaraiyur alias Solakerala-chaturvedimangalam, a brahmadeya in Paranur-kurram, a

subdivision of Maladu alias Jananatha-valanadu, by Vanakovaraiyar Vannenja-Nayanar. The document is attested by the Kelvi-

mudali Singalarayar, Ra[ja]virarayar and Rajendrasola-Brahmarayar and by Viluppadarayar, the engraver of royal records.

The donor, who belongs to Aragalur, had already figured in the 11th year of Kopperunjingadeva.

The village Mambattu is identical with Mambalappattu in the Villupuram taluk and close to Tirukkoyilur.

According to the astronomical details given, the date of the record is A.D. 1272, October 10, Monday.

No. 235.

(A.R. No. 159 of 1906).

On the same wall.

This is similar to the above inscription and it is also dated in the 30th year. It registers a gift of 1 veli of land in

Puttendal-kalani situated in Mambattur made in the 3rd year, to the same god and for the same purpose by Ponparappina

Vanakovaraiyar. Among the Kelvi-mudalias, Singalarayar, Madhurantaka-Brahmarayar and Kurukularayar, attested the record.

Ponparappinavelar, the officer who drafted orders also attested the document.

The donor mentioned in this inscription was a chief of Aragalur, a town in the present Attur taluk of the Salem district. His

ancestors served the Chola king Kulotltunga-Chola III from about A.D. 1182[2]. Ponparappinan is a family title referring to

the gilding of the central shrine of the Arunachalesvara temple at Tiruvannamalai.

The astronomical details given here are the same as those in the previous inscription.

Another set of verses (Nos. 381-383 and 385) engraved not on the rockcut temple but on the rock behind the Ayyanar (Arai for

short –in No. 385). They are Rajarajan, his son ponparappina-perumal and his second chief called as vira Magadan

Rajarajadevan pon parappinan Magadaipprumal. This chief also called, Rajarajadevan ponparappinan alias vanakovaraiyan of

Aragalur, figures in the records of Kulottunga III from Tiruvannamalai (S.I.I. Vol.III Nos 283, 284 &296) This Chief is

described as vadugerinda-Magadesan in No.381. The term ‘vadugerinda’ may be taken to mean that he' overthrew the vadugas’.

Vadugais an expression that is used to denote the northerner. Since this chief is known to have been also a subordinate to

Kopperunjinas (S.I.I.Vol.XII. No.235) It is possible that he took part in the latter campaign In the north against the

Kakatiya i.e., the northerner the circumstances under which the Bana chief turned against the pandya as evidenced by Nos.381

and 383 are not clear.

Kopperunjinga’s successful career may be ascribed to his resources in men and money. His large reserves of gold, elephants

and horses are referred to in the inscriptions of Jatavarman Sundara-Pandya commencing with the words Pumalar valar. His

capital Sendamangalam is also stated in the same prasasti to have been protected by strong fortification. He was served by a

faithful band of warriors, chief among whom were Sola-Kon[74] alias Perumal-Pillai of Arasur, the latter’s younger brother

Venadudaiyan[75] and Pillaiyar Nilagangaraiyar. Sola-Kon served in the region round about the modern Chidambaram till about

A.D. 1261-62 when his brother Venadudaiyan succeeded him. Nilagangaraiyar was in charge of the present Chingleput and the

surrounding country. Some of the other officers of Kopperujinga were Ponparappina Vanakovaraiyar (No. 235), Siya-Ganga ‘the

lord of Kuvalalapura’ (No. 202), Rajarajadevan Ammaiyan Valavarayan (No. 189), Rajarajadevan Vannenjan (No. 191), Aniyan

Muvendaraiyan (No. 142) and the Samantamudali Senai Narasingapanman.[76]

43. To the shepherd Kari Tarai, residing at Rajarajapuram in Nallur-nadu, (a subdivision) of Nittavinoda-valanadu, were

assigned ninety-six ewes out of the ewes given by Rajaraja-Vanogavaraiyan for sacred lamps. From (the milk of these ninety-

six ewes) he himself land his dependents, (viz.) his sons Tarai Karumani and Tarai Tiruvengadam; and (his) uterine brother

Kari Narayanan, have to supply (one) urakku of ghee per day, for one sacred lamp, by the Adavallan (measure).

Perundaram Rajaraja-Vanakovaraiyan, (perhaps identical with Vanogavaraiyan of paragraph 43)

No. 278

(A. R. No. 278 of 1907)

Tiruvidaimarudur, Kumbhakonam Taluk, Tanjavur District

Mahalingasvami temple – on a pillar of the same mandapa

Rajaraja I : year 9 : 993-94 A.D.

This records a gift of a gold tali (marriage string) set with a double row of gems weighing 9½ kalanju, a necklace of 27

pearls and a pair of pearl sidukku to the image of the goddess Uma-Bhataraki by Vanakovaraiyan Porkali, a maid servant of

queen Panchavanmadevi residing at Kodandarama-velam (quarter ?) at Tanjavur, during the administration (of the temple) of

Kulalurudaiyar.

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volume_12/stones_176_to_200.html
volume_12/stones_226_to_250.html
volume_17/stones_151_to_200.html
volume_22/part_1/introduction.html
volume_22/part_2/introduction.html
volume_12/introduction_1.html

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Hoysala influence

Kings in the time frame of Aragalur's prominance:
Vishnuvardhana (1108 - 1152)
Narasimha I (1152 – 1173)
Veera Ballala II (1173 – 1220)
Vira Narasimha II (1220 – 1235)
Vira Someshwara (1235 – 1254)
Narasimha III (1254 – 1291)
Ramanatha (1254 – 1295)
Visvanatha (1295 - 1300)
Veera Ballala III (1292 – 1343)

Veera Ballala III made Tiruannamalai as the capital.
During the rule of Vera Narasimha II, a Hoysala army was stationed at Kanchi possibly to avert any incursion from the Telugu Chodas of Nellore, the Kakatiya of Warangal and the Pandyas of Madurai.

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Google Books

1)
Madras District Gazetteers: Page 113
Soleshwara temples at Aragalur, Malla-Samudram & Kadagathur

2)
Madras District Gazetteers: Page 295
...Legend connects it with a chieftain named Vanuva-Rayan, who "must have been a considerable revier, as he is said to have had lakhs of horses of each color black, red, bay etc.,", He is said to have fled to Kalrayan on approch of Tipu and have...


3)
The Hoysaḷa Dynasty: By University of Mysore. Dept. of History: Page 278
There are 17 such inscriptional verses on Bana Chief Rajarajadevan-Ponparappinan Magadaperumal of Aragalur.

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